Skip to main content
. 2023 Aug 20;14(6):1389–1415. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007

TABLE 1.

Viruses detected in HM

Virus family Virus Genome detection Infectious particle detection References
Retroviridae HIV + + [10,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]]
HTLV-I/HTLV-II + [11,12,[32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38],39]
HMTV + [40]
Herpesviridae HCMV + + [[41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57]]
HSV-1/ HSV-2 + [58,59]
VZV + [42,58,60]
HHV-6 + [61]
HHV-7 + [62]
HHV-8 + [63,64]
EBV + + [[65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71]]
Coronaviridae SARS-CoV-2 + [72,73]
Flaviviridae YFV + [74]
DENV + + [75,76]
WNV + [77,78]
ZIKV + + [[79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84]]
HCV + [85,86]
Hepadnaviridae HBV + [[88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [13], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [14], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [172], [17], [174], [175], [176], [177], [178], [179], [180], [181], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196], [197], [198], [199], [200], [201], [202], [203], [204], [205], [206], [207], [208], [209], [210], [211], [212], [213], [214], [215], [216], [217], [218], [219], [220], [221], [222], [223], [224], [225], [226], [227], [228], [229], [230], [231], [232], [233], [234], [235], [236], [237], [238], [239], [240], [241], [242], [243], [244], [245], [246], [247], [248], [249], [250], [251], [252], [253], [254], [255], [256], [257], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265], [266], [267], [268], [269], [270], [271], [272], [273], [274], [275], [276], [277], [278], [279], [280], [281], [282], [283], [284], [285], [286], [304], [287], [288], [289], [290], [291], [292], [293], [294], [295], [296], [297], [298], [299], [91], [300], [301], [302], [303], [304], [305], [306], [307], [30], [309], [310], [311], [312], [313], [314], [315], [316], [317], [318], [319], [320], [321], [322], [323], [324], [325], [326], [327], [328], [329], [330], [331], [332], [333], [334], [335], [336], [337], [338], [339], [340], [341], [33], [343], [344], [345], [346], [347], [348], [349], [350], [351], [352], [353], [354], [355], [356], [357], [358], [359], [360], [361], [362], [363], [364], [365], [366], [367], [368], [369], [370], [371], [372], [373], [374], [291], [375], [376], [377], [378], [379], [380], [381], [382], [383], [360], [361], [384], [385], [386], [387], [388], [362], [363], [389], [390], [391], [392], [393], [394], [371], [395], [396], [397], [364], [398], [399], [400], [401], [402], [403], [404], [405], [406], [407], [408], [409], [410], [411], [412], [413], [414], [415], [416], [417], [418], [419], [420], [421], [422], [423], [424], [425], [426], [427], [429], [430], [431], [432], [433], [434], [435], [436], [437], [438], [439], [440], [441], [442], [443], [444], [370], [445], [446], [447], [448]]
Picornaviridae HAV + [87]
CVB3 + + [88]
Echovirus 18 + + [89]
Hepeviridae HEV + [90]
Papillomaviridae HPV + [13,67,91]
Filoviridae EBOV + + [[92], [93], [94], [95]]
Togaviridae CHIKV + [96]
Hantaviridae ANDV + [97]
Anelloviridae TTV + [98]
Matonaviridae RuV + [99]
Bacteriophages + [[100], [101], [102]]

ADNV, Andes virus; CHIKV, chikungunya virus; CVB3, coxsackievirus B3; DENV, dengue virus; EBOV, Ebola virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HAVHHV-6, human herpes virus 6; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; HHV-7, human herpes virus 7; HHV-8, human herpes virus 8; HM, human milk; HMTV, human mammary tumor virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; HSV-1/HSV-2, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2; HTLV-I/HTLV-II, human T-lymphotropic virus; RuV, Rubella virus SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TTV, TT virus; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; WNV, West Nile virus; YFV, Yellow fever virus; ZIKV, Zika virus.

Notes: References include English articles with full-text available. Clinical studies, observational studies, and in vitro studies were considered.