TABLE 4.
Impact of pasteurization and storage methods on the inactivation of viruses in HM and on the milk value
| Virus | Inactivation method | Efficacy | Preservation of the milk value | References on efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCMV | HoP (60–62.5°C for 30 min) | + | +/− | [110,395,[278], [279], [280], [402], [403],404,405,[282], [283], [408], [409], [410], [411], [412],[418], [419], [420],422,439] |
| HTST (72°C for 5–15 s) | + | +/− | ||
| Freezing (−20°C, for 3–7 d) | +/− | + | ||
| Microwave (500 W, 40–60 s) | +/− | nd | [414,415] | |
| UV-C radiation | + | nd | [416,417] | |
| VSTLTP (62°C for 5 s) | + | + | [421] | |
| HIV | HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) | + | nd | [423] |
| Domestic Pretoria Pastorization (56-62.5°C for 10–15 min) | +/− | nd | [424,440] | |
| Domestic flash heating (up to 100°C and immediate cooling at 37°C) | +/− | +/− | [425,426] | |
| Domestic VSTLTP (62°C for 5 s) | +/− | + | [427] | |
| HTLV | Freezing (−20°C, overnight) | + | nd | [[428], [429], [430]] |
| EBOV and MARV | HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) | + | nd | [431,432] |
| HPV | HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) | + | nd | [433] |
| HBV | HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) | − | nd | [434] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) | + | nd | [72,[435], [436], [437], [438]] |
+, total inactivation; +/−, partial inactivation; −, not active; nd, not determined; EBOV, Ebola virus;
HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; HM, human milk; HPV, human papilloma virus; HTLV, human T-lymphotropic virus; MARV, Marburg virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Notes: References include English articles with full-text available. In vitro and in vivo studies were considered.