. 2023 Dec 14;13:22280. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49666-1

Table 4.

Effect of different Cd stress with foliar Nano-TiO₂ application on physiological traits of Mentha piperita L. plants.

Cd stress (mg/l)	Nano-TiO₂ application (mg/l)	Chl a (mg/g)	Chl b (mg/g)	Total Chl (mg/g)	Carotenoid (mg/g)	PAL activity (Unit/mg protein)
0	0	1.89^c ± 0.07	1.51^b ± 0.05	3.40^c ± 0.12	0.41ⁱ ± 0.02	5.97^h ± 0.04
	75	2.02^b ± 0.09	1.62^a ± 0.07	3.64^b ± 0.17	0.41ⁱ ± 0.02	6.17^gh ± 0.06
	150	2.42^a ± 0.08	1.58^a ± 0.05	4.00^a ± 0.13	0.65^f ± 0.04	6.30^g ± 0.05
20	0	1.81^d ± 0.1	1.36^c ± 0.06	3.18^d ± 0.15	0.69^e ± 0.03	7.12^f ± 0.07
	75	1.89^c ± 0.1	1.50^b ± 0.07	3.39^c ± 0.16	0.79^c ± 0.05	8.36^d ± 0.03
	150	1.94^c ± 0.09	1.51^b ± 0.06	3.45^c ± 0.14	0.81^bc ± 0.06	8.66^c ± 0.06
40	0	0.99^g ± 0.06	0.97^e ± 0.04	1.96^g ± 0.08	0.81^bc ± 0.04	7.57^e ± 0.08
	75	1.11^f ± 0.07	1.00^e ± 0.03	2.12^f ± 0.09	0.82^b ± 0.03	12.86^b ± 0.14
	150	1.62^e ± 0.08	1.06^d ± 0.06	2.69^e ± 0.14	0.90^a ± 0.07	14.96^a ± 0.07
60	0	0.43ⁱ ± 0.03	0.99^e ± 0.08	1.41ⁱ ± 0.11	0.45^h ± 0.02	4.04^j ± 0.04
	75	0.60^h ± 0.05	0.96^e ± 0.07	1.56^h ± 0.12	0.53^g ± 0.04	4.34ⁱ ± 0.06
	150	0.64^h ± 0.04	0.98^e ± 0.08	1.61^h ± 0.13	0.74^d ± 0.05	4.51ⁱ ± 0.1

*Means followed by the same letter(s) in each column are not significantly different based on Duncan’s multiple range test (n = 3).