Table 1.
Patients characteristics of the derivation and validation cohorts
| Variables | Derivation cohort | Validation cohort | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 244) | (n = 205) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 64.16 ± 9.50 | 64.74 ± 9.24 | 0.520 |
| Male sex | 150 (61.48%) | 130 (63.41%) | 0.673 |
| Height, m | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 1.63 ± 0.09 | 0.632 |
| Weight, kg | 67.47 ± 12.19 | 66.51 ± 11.21 | 0.391 |
| Smoking | 42 (17.21%) | 36 (17.56%) | 0.923 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.65 ± 3.58 | 25.05 ± 4.50 | 0.300 |
| Previous medical history | |||
| Duration of AF history, months | 12.00 (2.00–36.00) | 12.00 (2.00–44.00) | 0.077 |
| Hypertension | 134 (54.92%) | 98 (47.80%) | 0.133 |
| Diabetes | 32 (13.11%) | 20 (9.76%) | 0.268 |
| Coronary heart disease | 26 (10.66%) | 21 (10.24%) | 0.887 |
| Heart failure | 23 (9.43%) | 17 (8.29%) | 0.674 |
| Cerebral vascular disease | 51 (20.90%) | 37 (18.05%) | 0.448 |
| Valvular heart disease | 11 (4.51%) | 4 (1.95%) | 0.133 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 7 (2.87%) | 6 (2.93%) | 0.971 |
| Peripheral arteria disease | 6 (2.46%) | 8 (3.90%) | 0.381 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 26 (10.66%) | 15 (7.32%) | 0.221 |
| Arrhythmic cardiomyopathy | 7 (2.87%) | 11 (5.37%) | 0.179 |
| Congenital heart disease | 10 (4.10%) | 10 (4.88%) | 0.69 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 15 (6.15%) | 11 (5.37%) | 0.724 |
| OSAHS | 12 (4.92%) | 8 (3.90%) | 0.603 |
| COPD | 9 (3.69%) | 10 (4.88%) | 0.533 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| White blood cell, 109/L | 6.44 ± 2.24 | 6.66 ± 2.18 | 0.278 |
| Neutrophil, 109/L | 4.34 ± 2.10 | 4.46 ± 1.98 | 0.553 |
| Bloodglucose, mmol/L | 5.35 ± 1.82 | 5.18 ± 1.16 | 0.236 |
| B-natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | 188.22 (95.96–368.13) | 174.86 (74.17–358.69) | 0.651 |
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 13.80 ± 4.99 | 13.36 ± 5.04 | 0.354 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.35 ± 0.99 | 4.41 ± 1.16 | 0.508 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.14 ± 0.33 | 1.20 ± 0.35 | 0.072 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.54 ± 0.77 | 2.52 ± 0.91 | 0.787 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.51 ± 0.95 | 1.56 ± 1.05 | 0.666 |
| SCR, μmol/L | 80.80 ± 21.85 | 83.34 ± 25.57 | 0.258 |
| BUA, μmol/L | 358.16 ± 107.93 | 373.24 ± 117.53 | 0.157 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73m2 | 84.80 ± 20.68 | 84.96 ± 21.73 | 0.940 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 3.66 (1.47–10.48) | 2.84 (1.30–9.33) | 0.341 |
| CA199, IU/ml | 14.98 ± 10.07 | 15.15 ± 11.63 | 0.869 |
| Imaging | |||
| LVEF, % | 58.34 ± 9.88 | 59.03 ± 9.60 | 0.454 |
| LAD, mm | 41.31 ± 4.81 | 41.03 ± 5.40 | 0.559 |
| Preoperative QRSd, ms | 93.18 ± 14.26 | 94.35 ± 15.66 | 0.418 |
| Preoperative QTc, ms | 432.35 ± 24.21 | 432.55 ± 31.82 | 0.94 |
| Postoperative QRSd, ms | 94.11 ± 15.70 | 94.33 ± 17.23 | 0.891 |
| Postoperative QTc, ms | 448.86 ± 36.11 | 448.20 ± 34.80 | 0.847 |
| Responses after nifekalant | 0.104 | ||
| Sinus rhythm | 120 (49.18%) | 121 (59.02%) | |
| AF rhythm | 60 (24.59%) | 38 (18.54%) | |
| AFL or AT | 64 (26.23%) | 46 (22.44%) | |
| Procedure time, min | 175.2 ± 40.0 | 169.5 ± 42.1 | 0.137 |
| Discharge medication | 0.211 | ||
| None | 33 (13.52%) | 45 (21.95%) | |
| Amiodarone | 167 (68.44%) | 121 (59.02%) | |
| Amiodarone + β-blocker | 24 (9.84%) | 17 (8.29%) | |
| Propafenone | 12 (4.92%) | 10 (4.88%) | |
| Sotalol | 2 (0.82%) | 2 (0.98%) | |
| Sotalol + β-blocker | 1 (0.41%) | 1 (0.49%) | |
| β-blocker | 5 (2.05%) | 9 (4.39%) | |
| Follow-up, days | 515 (400–773) | 493 (422–735) | 0.674 |
| AF recurrence | 64(26.23%) | 43(20.89%) | 0.193 |
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or median (IQR), and dichotomous data are presented as frequency (%). AF, atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter; AT, atrial tachycardia; BMI, body mass index; BUA, blood uric acid; CA199, carbohydrate antigen 199; CRP, C-reactive protein; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD, left atrial diameter; OSAHS, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; QTc, corrected QT interval; QRSd, QRS wave duration; SCR, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride