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. 2022 Oct 13;37(6):1243–1248. doi: 10.1007/s10557-022-07382-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Clinical trial design. At baseline (t = 0), the average AF burden is calculated by remote rhythm monitoring using the atrial lead. Cardiac function is examined by echocardiography; energy metabolism and mitochondrial function marker are determined by laboratory blood analysis. After baseline, 4 months of NR supplementation follows. At follow-up (t = 1), the same clinical measurements are performed. Pre- and post-treatment outcomes are compared to determine the cardioprotective effects of NR on AF burden, mitochondrial function markers and energy metabolism