a, Near-infrared fluorescence emission spectra of regions of interest (ROIs) in the images in panel b. Each ROI is marked with dashed circle. b, Maps of the nanosensor pH response in SKOV3 cells, as measured by near-infrared hyperspectral microscopy at 730 nm excitation, overlaid onto brightfield images 4 hours after the introduction of DMSO (control), EN6 (100 μM), or Baf A1 (100 nM). Scale bar is 50 μm. c, Histogram of from all pixels with sensor emission from the hyperspectral images of cells in Fig. b. d, Lysosomal pH changes estimated from values from fluorescence spectroscopy measurements after 4-hour drug treatment in 7 different cell lines. N = 24, 10, 22, 19, 24, 5, and 5 spectra acquired for each condition, from the left to right cell lines. The bars are presented as mean values with error bars as standard deviation.