Table 1.

Well-studied biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria

Mode of action	Substrates/supports for biofilm formation	Bacteria	Ref.
Persister cells	Urinary tract Urethral catheters	Escherichia coli	[12]
AHL molecules Persister cells eDNA	Central venous catheters Ventricular assist devices Endotracheal tubes Coronary stents Cochlear implants	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[13, 14]
Poly-β(1–6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)	Coronary stents Peritoneal dialysis catheters Cochlear implants	Staphylococcus aureus	[15]
Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA)	Central venous catheters Orthopedic prostheses	Staphylococcus epidermidis	[16]
LuxS	Endotracheal tubes Nasopharynx	Streptococcus pneumonia	[17]