Table 2.

Information about antibiofilm drugs

Class	Representative drug	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Conventional β-lactams	Piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, imipenem	Strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa	Drug resistance	[85]
Fluoroquinolones	Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and Prilosec	The only class of anti-Pseudomonas drugs that can be used as oral formulations	Cause resistance through the efflux pump; the antibacterial activity will be inhibited in the acidic medium.	[135]
	Difloxacin and delafloxacin	The antibacterial activity will be enhanced in acidic medium.	Possible hypersensitivity reactions	[136]
	Finafloxacin	The use of ear suspension in the therapy of acute otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa	There may be reactions such as diarrhea, nausea, headache and nasopharyngitis	[137, 138]
Aminoglycoside	Tobramycin	An inhalant that is effective in treating and preventing infections in individuals with chronic lung disease	It should be avoided as a single drug unless it is used to treat urinary tract infections	[139]
	Plazomicin	Effective against a majority of bacteria containing glycoside-modifying enzymes in aminoglycosides	Inability to resist resistance mechanisms associated with the expression of membrane permeability or exocytotic pumps and acts only on urinary tract infections	[140, 141]
Polymyxin	Visfatin, fucoxanthin	It can be injected intravenously or inhaled by nebulization; it has higher antibacterial effect than intravenous administration	Limited by nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.	[142, 143]
New β-lactams	Ceftolozane/tazobactam	Optimal antimicrobial activity is not affected by outflow of activity or pore changes; can be used for empiric or targeted treatment of MDR-PA	Narrow-spectrum	[144, 145]
	Cefiderocol	A novel siderophore cephalosporin; shows the strongest in vitro activity against IRPA	More adverse reactions	[146]
	Fosfomycin	It can be taken orally to treat urinary tract infection	Bacteria will quickly develop drug resistance after contact, and it is recommended to be used in combination with other drugs	[147, 148]
	Murepavadin	The first member of the outer membrane protein that targets antibiotics and can resist some mechanisms of drug resistance	Not widely used	[149]
Bacteriophages	Bacteriophages	Harmless to humans and entirely unique to the host bacteria	Limited spectra	[150, 151]
Nanoparticles	Antibiofilm Nanoparticles	Providing promising therapeutic delivery platforms and effective biofilm targeted approaches	Need to improve in vivo efficacy and biocompatibility	[152]