Table 3.

Summary of antibiofilm agents identified against biofilm-associated resistant infections

Antibiofilm drugs	Target pathogenic bacteria	Antibiofilm mechanism of action	Research Model	Reference
Exopolysaccharide-targeting drugs
Quinoxaline derivative	Streptococcus mutans	Glucosyltransferase inhibitor	Anticaries rat	[167]
Oxazole derivative	S. mutans	Antagonizing glucosyltransferases	Dental caries rat	[168]
Dispersin B	Staphylococcus spp.	Inhibiting skin colonization by inducing staphylococci to detach from the skin	In vivo pig model	[169]
Endolysins	S. aureus	Peptidoglycan hydrolases	System MRSA infection in mice	[170]
Dornase alfa	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Dissolution of cystic fibrosis sputum and fibrous structures	Cystic fibrosis sputum	[171]
DNABII antibodies	Haemophilus influenzae	DNABII epitope targeted to external cellular DNA	Chinchilla and murine	[172]
α-amylase	S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	Destruction of exopolysaccharides	Danio rerio	[173]
Biofilm dispersion-targeting drugs
Nitric oxide	P. aeruginosa	Biofilm dispersal and reduction of biofilm antibiotic tolerance	Cystic fibrosis sputum	[174]
Cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates	P. aeruginosa	Biofilm dispersion; enhance biofilm sensitivity to antibiotics	Microtiter plates	[175]
Nitroxides	P. aeruginosa	Promotes biofilm dispersion, inhibits biofilm formation, increases swarming motility	Flow chambers	[176]
Autoinducing peptide inhibitor	S. aureus	Quorum sensing inhibitor	RN9222 cell line	[177]
Natural peptide Capsicumicine	S. epidermidis	Decomposing biofilm substrates	SKH1 mice	[178]
Biofilm persister-targeting drugs
TM5 peptide	P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	Anti-inflammatory antiseptic	Laboratory settings	[179]
Rifampin + Fosfomycin	S.aureus (Methicillin-resistant)	Curing cage related infections	A foreign body infection model using guinea pigs	[180]
Acyldepsipeptide ADEP4	S. aureus	Activates ClpP protease to kill growing and stubborn cells	Mouse model of a chronic infection	[181]
Glycosylated cationic peptides	S.aureus (Methicillin-resistant)	Sterilization of recalcitrant cells and dispersion of biofilm masses	Ex vivo wounded human skin infection	[164]