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. 2023 Dec 14;14:8139. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43810-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — By only considering basic life-history traits of mosquitoes (larval stages, biting behavior, reproduction, and death) and a simple within-vector Plasmodium development (an exponential relationship between mosquito longevity and transmission probability), classical models of malaria transmission predict that a reduction of the sporogony time (T_sp) increases parasite’s fitness and aids transmission success (left). In contrast, when mosquito metabolism (and with it the associated parasite competition for mosquito resources during multiple blood meals) is also included, our model reveals a novel evolutionary scenario in which intermediate long sporogony is optimal for transmission (right). The mosquito icon was created with BioRender.com, publication license number RU260OOX95.