Fig. 1. Snake venoms dose-dependently inhibit HaCaT adherent cell viability.

MTT cell viability assays were completed in adherent HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes exposed to serial dilutions (1–1,024 µg/mL) of different snake venoms for 24 hours. The venoms tested were from a Bitis arietans, b Bothrops asper, c Crotalus atrox, d Calloselasma rhodostoma, e Daboia russelii, f Echis carinatus, g Echis ocellatus, h Naja haje, i East African Naja nigricollis, j West African Naja nigricollis, and k Naja pallida. l IC₅₀ and m Hill slope values were calculated for each independent trial. Red-coloured data denotes viperid snakes, while blue-coloured data denotes elapid snakes. * Signifies that the value is significantly higher than all other tested venoms, and † signifies that the value is significantly higher than B. asper, C. atrox, C. rhodostoma, E. carinatus, and E. ocellatus, as determined by a one-way ANOVA comparing all values to each other followed by a Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (P < 0.05, n = 4 biologically independent cell experiments). ANOVA statistics for individual statistically analysed graphs are: l F(10,33) = 14.47, P = 0.0000000022; m F(10,33) = 1.828, P = 0.0942. Data are presented as mean values ± SD and the individual IC₅₀ and Hill slope values for each trial are shown as points within the bars of the graphs in l and m. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.