Figure 2. Oxaloacetate (OAA) alters the "Warburg effect".

OAA alters the "Warburg effect" by reducing the concentration of LDHA concentration in gliomas [22]

Note: Image sourced from “Enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the Warburg effect,” by Wiese EK, Hitosugi S, Loa ST, et al., 2021, Nat Metab, 3(7), 954-68 [22] under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0

MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; ATPs, adenosine triphosphates; O₂, oxygen; CO₂, carbon dioxide