Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the alive and dead participants.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 6,762) | Alive (n = 6,140) | Dead (n = 622) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.8 (9.7) | 57.9 (9.2) | 67.4 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 3,660 (54.1) | 3,415 (55.6) | 245 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Married (vs others) | 5,683 (84.0) | 5,245 (85.4) | 438 (70.4) | <0.001 |
| Rural (vs urban) | 2,482 (36.7) | 2,299 (37.4) | 183 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Medical insurance, n (%) | 6,327 (93.6) | 5,750 (93.6) | 577 (92.8) | 0.442 |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| No formal education | 3,071 (45.4) | 2,696 (43.9) | 375 (60.3) | |
| Primary school | 1,508 (22.3) | 1,368 (22.3) | 140 (22.5) | |
| Middle or high school | 2098 (31.0) | 1995 (32.5) | 103 (16.6) | |
| College or above | 85 (1.3) | 81 (1.3) | 4 (0.6) | |
| Smoking | 2,660 (39.3) | 2,316 (37.7) | 344 (55.3) | <0.001 |
| Drinking | 1812 (26.8) | 1,620 (26.9) | 162 (26.0) | 0.010 |
| BMI | 24.2 (31.3) | 24.4 (32.2) | 23.2 (21.2) | 0.204 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic | 132.1 (31.8) | 131.2 (30.4) | 141.0 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 75.8 (12.0) | 75.8 (11.9) | 75.9 (13.0) | 0.840 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 1821 (26.9) | 1,595 (26.0) | 226 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 451 (6.7) | 391 (6.4) | 60 (9.6) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 885 (13.1) | 780 (12.7) | 105 (16.9) | 0.004 |
| Stroke | 173 (2.6) | 136 (2.2) | 37 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 645 (9.5) | 532 (8.7) | 113 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 382 (5.6) | 338 (5.5) | 44 (7.1) | 0.127 |
| Liver disease | 220 (3.3) | 193 (3.1) | 27 (4.3) | 0.137 |
| Cancers | 58 (0.9) | 43 (0.7) | 15 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Blood measurements | ||||
| Hb, g/L | 14.4 (2.1) | 14.5 (2.1) | 14.3 (2.3) | 0.072 |
| Hematocrit, % | 41.8 (6.0) | 41.9 (5.9) | 41.1 (6.7) | 0.004 |
| MCV, fl | 90.8 (8.3) | 90.7 (8.2) | 92.5 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.7 (38.8) | 194.0 (38.6) | 190.2 (40.6) | 0.026 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 135.1 (106.1) | 136.1 (107.5) | 125.6 (89.9) | 0.007 |
| HDL-C, mg/Dl | 50.7 (15.3) | 50.7 (15.3) | 51.6 (15.5) | 0.145 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.2 (35.3) | 117.6 (35.1) | 114.0 (37.6) | 0.023 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 98.6 (25.1) | 99.1 (24.9) | 92.7 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.4 (1.2) | 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.7 (7.2) | 2.4 (5.9) | 6.1 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 31.8 (10.9) | 32.2 (10.8) | 28.1 (11.1) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; HDL, high density cholesterol; LDL, low density cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; CRP=C-reactive protein.