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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2022 Jun 20;141:111206. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111206

Table 2:

Group-level estimated marginal means for the study’s primary outcome variables. Group level p-values from post hoc pairwise comparisons conducted via orthogonal contrasts within mixed models are included and are bolded when significant.

Parameter Estimated Marginal Mean (95% CI) Post Hoc Pairwise Comparisons conducted via orthogonal contrasts within mixed models

Straight Pre-Planned Late-Cued Straight vs. Pre-Planned Straight vs. Late-Cued Pre-Planned vs. Late-Cued

Hf (x10−3) Minimum −3.69 (−4.90, −2.49) −5.31 (−6.52, −4.11) −6.71 (−7.91, −5.50) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Maximum 4.11 (3.33, 4.90) 4.60 (3.81, 5.39) 4.34 (3.56, 5.13) 0.008 0.21 0.21
Range 7.81 (5.87, 9.75) 9.90 (7.96, 11.84) 11.02 (9.08, 12.96) <0.0001 <0.0001 0.005

Lateral Distance – Left Step Minimum 0.12 (0.10, 0.14) 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Maximum 0.19 (0.17, 0.20) 0.14 (0.13, 0.16) 0.20 (0.18, 0.21) <0.0001 0.31 <0.0001

Lateral Distance – Right Step Minimum 0.12 (0.10, 0.15) 0.22 (0.19, 0.24) 0.23 (0.20, 0.26) <0.0001 <0.0001 0.058
Maximum 0.20 (0.18, 0.22) 0.28 (0.26, 0.30) 0.32 (0.30, 0.34) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001

MOS – Left Step (m) Minimum −0.11 (−0.13, −0.09) −0.07 (−0.09, −0.05) −0.08 (−0.10, −0.06) <0.0001 0.0001 0.26
Maximum 0.11 (0.09, 0.12) 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) 0.09 (0.08, 0.11) <0.0001 0.002 <0.0001

MOS – Right Step (m) Minimum −0.07 (−0.13, −0.03) −0.14 (−0.19, −0.09) −0.19 (−0.24, −0.14) 0.0002 <0.0001 0.003
Maximum 0.11 (0.09, 0.13) 0.16 (0.14, 0.18) 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001

Lateral Distance Minimum 0.12 (0.10, 0.13) 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Maximum 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) 0.28 (0.26, 0.30) 0.31 (0.29, 0.34) <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001

MOS (m) Minimum −0.12 (−0.17, −0.07) −0.15 (−0.19, −0.10) −0.20 (−0.24, −0.15) 0.055 <0.0001 0.002
Maximum 0.12 (0.09, 0.13) 0.16 (0.14, 0.18) 0.17 (0.15, 0.19) <0.0001 <0.0001 0.02