Table 5.

Value of life in Japan

No	Area	Source	Relevance	Type of estimate	Stated value (¥)	Year	2019/2020 Value* (¥)	VOLY (¥)	VSL (¥)	QALY (¥)
1	Health	MHLW	Price adjustment threshold for ‘normal’ treatments	QALY	5,000,000–10,000,000	2019	5,000,000–10,000,000	4,599,800–9,199,600	158,701,235–317,402,469	5,000,000–10,000,000
2	Health	MHLW	Price adjustment threshold for products with ‘special considerations’	QALY	7,500,000–15,000,000	2019	7,500,000–15,000,000	6,899,700 13,799,400	238,051,852 476,103,704	7,500,000–15,000,000
3	Transport	Cabinet Office Morisugi et al	Estimates in relation to road accidents	VSL	226,000,000–462,000,000	2007	226,000,000–462,000,000	7,739,790–15,822,049	226,000,000–462,000,000	8,413,152–17,198,567
4	Environment	Itaeka et al	Estimates in relation to air pollution	VSL	103,000,000–344,000,000	1999	103,000,000–344,000,000	3,527,427–11,780,920	103,000,000–344,000,000	3,834,313–12,805,860

*Values were only updated to 2019/2020 values if they were not already up to date, and if guidance suggests that this is required/appropriate. Only the values in italics were adjusted. Values in bold are the original values, after adjustments. A discount rate of 1.5% and life expectancy of 81.1 were used in calculations. All values are in local currency