Table 2.
| Definition | Features | |
|---|---|---|
| R0 |
Description “A description or statement about events without further elaboration or explanation.” |
- Non-reflective - Descriptive - Clarifying - No reasons or justifications given - Short utterances such as “yes, it was”a - Evaluation without explanationb |
| R1 |
Descriptive reflection “Description including justification or reasons for action, but in a reportive or descriptive way. No alternate explanations explored, limited analysis and no change of perspective.” |
- Descriptive with explanation - Evaluation with explanationb - Reasons and justifications for actions, choices, or interpretations b - Explanations or ideas that are already possessed - Explaining or referencing guidelines and practices known beforehand by the participanta - Suggestion for change - Probing answer b |
| R2 |
Dialogic reflection “A different level of thinking about. Looking for relationships between pieces of experience, evidence of cycles of interpreting and questioning, consideration of different explanations, hypothesis and other points of view.” |
- Questioning assumptions - Referencing to experiences - Relating experience to theoretical concepts - Interpreting and hypothesising - Considering or suggesting different explanations or alternatives b - Considering implications of observations, interpretations, and suggestions - Generalising from experience - Probing question with explanation b - Probing answer with explanation b |
| R3 |
Transformative reflection “Revisiting an event with the intent to re-organise and do something differently. Asking fundamental questions and challenging personal assumptions leading to a change in practice.” |
- Fundamental questioning of assumptions and motivations - Fundamental change of perspective |
| R4 |
Critical reflection “Where social and ethical issues are taken into consideration. Generally considering the (much wider) picture.” |
- Ethical - Political - Relating to society, culture and the world as a whole |
aAdditions suggested by Kihlgren et al.
bAddition or adjustment used in this study