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Iron flows in (a) normal nonpregnant females, (b) normal pregnancy, (c) iron-deficient pregnancy, and (d) inflamed pregnancy. Iron flows are shown in shades of blue and different arrow sizes, where darker thick arrows indicate increased iron flows and lighter dashed arrows indicate decreased or absent iron flows compared with normal flow. Hepcidin effects are shown in red. The asterisk indicates intra-amniotic infection. Abbreviations: Fe, iron; RBC, red blood cell; Tf, transferrin.
