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(a) Optical micrograph of halobacteria in culture medium, a few micrometers to 10 μm long and ∼0.5 μm wide. (b) Purple membrane suspension after sucrose gradient centrifugation. (c) Surface AFM photograph of the purple membrane (diameter ≈ 500 nm, thickness ≈ 4 nm, lattice constant ≈ 6.3 nm) and schematic diagram of the bacteriorhodopsin trimer.
