Table 2. Unadjusted and Adjusteda Prevalence of Breastfeeding Initiation by Disaggregated Maternal Race and Maternal Ethnicity Subgroupsb — National Vital Statistics System, 48 Statesc and the District of Columbia, 2020–2021.
| Variable | Unadjusted prevalence of breastfeeding initiation, % (95% CI) | Unadjusted prevalence ratio of breastfeeding initiation, PR (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence of breastfeeding initiation, % (95% CI)d | Adjusted prevalence ratio of breastfeeding initiation, PR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal racee | ||||
| Asian | ||||
| Japanese | 94.0 (93.4–94.6) | 1.12 (1.11–1.12) | 93.0 (92.4–93.6) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
| Korean | 93.7 (93.4–94.1) | 1.11 (1.11–1.12) | 91.8 (91.3–92.2) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
| Asian Indian | 93.4 (93.3–93.6) | 1.11 (1.11–1.11) | 91.8 (91.6–92.0) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
| Filipino | 91.3 (91.0–91.6) | 1.08 (1.08–1.09) | 92.0 (91.7–92.2) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) |
| Vietnamese | 89.3 (89.0–89.7) | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) | 90.9 (90.5–91.1) | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) |
| Chinese | 89.0 (88.7–89.3) | 1.06 (1.05–1.06) | 87.9 (87.6–88.2) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Other Asian | 84.2 (84.0–84.5) | Reference | 88.0 (87.7–88.2) | Reference |
| Rangef | 9.8 | Not applicable | 5.0 | Not applicable |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | ||||
| Hawaiian | 84.3 (82.6–85.9) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 82.3 (80.4–84.1) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 83.5 (82.0–84.9) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 83.0 (81.5–84.4) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) |
| Samoan | 81.2 (79.8–82.6) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 79.7 (78.2–81.1) | Reference |
| Other Pacific Islander | 79.4 (78.6–80.1) | Reference | 80.2 (79.5–80.9) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Rangef | 4.9 | Not applicable | 3.3 | Not applicable |
| Maternal ethnicitye | ||||
| Hispanic | ||||
| Cuban | 90.9 (90.6–91.2) | 1.11 (1.10–1.11) | 88.8 (88.5–89.1) | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) |
| Central or South American | 88.2 (88.1–88.3) | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) | 86.7 (86.6–86.9) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
| Dominican | 88.1 (87.9–88.4) | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) | 86.0 (85.7–86.3) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) |
| Mexican | 86.9 (86.9–87.0) | 1.06 (1.05–1.06) | 87.6 (87.5–87.6) | 1.05 (1.05–1.06) |
| Other and Unknown Origin | 85.8 (85.6–86.0) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 86.6 (86.5–86.8) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
| Puerto Rican | 82.2 (82.0–82.4) | Reference | 83.1 (82.9–83.3) | Reference |
| Rangef | 8.7 | Not applicable | 5.7 | Not applicable |
Abbreviation: PR, prevalence ratio.
Models are adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal nativity, marital status, parity, participation in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children during pregnancy, delivery method, and infant sex.
Excludes infants transferred to another facility within 24 hours of delivery and those who died before completion of the birth certificate.
Includes all states except California and Michigan.
We were unable to calculate adjusted prevalence estimates for the aggregated racial or ethnic groups because the method used requires the specification of a reference group. We used the predicted marginal approach to calculate adjusted prevalence estimates among mothers identifying as Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and Hispanic, meaning we subset to these separate groups and adjusted to their distributions.
Racial groups not listed in this table include White, Black, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and multiracial. The ethnic group not listed in the table is non-Hispanic.
To compute the range, we calculated the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation among subgroups of mothers identifying as Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or Hispanic by using the highest and lowest prevalence estimate of breastfeeding initiation in the disaggregated subgroups. Values are percentage points.