Table 1.
Summary of demographic, individual-level SDoH, and key contextual-level SDoH of the study population.
| Overall (n=10192) | NHW (n=5133) | NHB (n=4011) | Hispanics (n=495) | Others (n=553) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58.45 | 60.19 | 56.39 | 55.95 | 59.42 | 0.0049 |
| Sex | 0.0018 | |||||
| Male | 4267 (41.9%) | 2470 (48.1%) | 1330 (33.2%) | 212 (42.8%) | 255 (46.1%) | |
| Female | 5925(58.1%) | 2663 (51.9%) | 2681 (66.8%) | 283 (57.2%) | 298 (53.9%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| NHB | 4011 (39.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4011 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| NHW | 5133 (50.4%) | 5133 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Hispanics | 495 (4.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 495 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Others | 553 (5.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 553 (100.0%) | |
| Insurance type | <0.001 | |||||
| Medicare | 4183 (41.0%) | 2214 (43.1%) | 1610 (40.1%) | 170 (34.3%) | 189 (34.2%) | |
| Private | 3169 (31.1%) | 1663 (32.4%) | 1144 (28.5%) | 148 (29.9%) | 214 (38.7%) | |
| Medicaid | 1511 (14.8%) | 558 (10.9%) | 804 (20.0%) | 97 (19.6%) | 52 (9.4%) | |
| Nopay | 579 (5.7%) | 228 (4.4%) | 285 (7.1%) | 38 (7.7%) | 28 (5.1%) | |
| Unknown | 537 (5.3%) | 362 (7.1%) | 84 (2.1%) | 32 (6.5%) | 59 (10.7%) | |
| Others | 213 (2.1%) | 108 (2.1%) | 84 (2.1%) | 10 (2.0%) | 11 (2.0%) | |
| Marites status | <0.001 | |||||
| Single | 2116 (20.8%) | 743 (14.5%) | 1221 (30.4%) | 80 (16.2%) | 72 (13.0%) | |
| Married or has partner | 3570(35.0%) | 2073 (40.4%) | 1069 (26.7%) | 179(36.2%) | 249 (45.0%) | |
| Widow or divorced | 2050 (20.1%) | 888 (17.3%) | 1052 (26.2%) | 65 (13.1%) | 45 (8.1%) | |
| Unknown | 2456 (24.1%) | 1429 (27.8%) | 669 (16.7%) | 171 (34.5%) | 187 (33.8%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Ever smokers | 4096 (40.2%) | 2331 (45.4%) | 1473 (36.7%) | 149 (30.1%) | 143 (25.9%) | |
| Never | 5588 (54.8%) | 2525 (49.2%) | 2380 (59.3%) | 321 (64.8%) | 362 (65.5%) | |
| Unknown | 508(5.0%) | 277(5.4%) | 158 (3.9%) | 25(5.1%) | 48(8.7%) | |
| Alcohol use | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 2631 (25.8%) | 1381 (26.9%) | 1012 (25.2%) | 123 (24.8%) | 115 (20.8%) | |
| No | 6650(65.2%) | 3223(62.8%) | 2737(68.2%) | 325 (65.7%) | 365 (66.0%) | |
| Unknown | 911 (9.0%) | 529 (10.3%) | 262 (6.5%) | 47(9.5%) | 73(13.2%) | |
| Drug abuse | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 500 (4.9%) | 225 (4.4%) | 253 (6.3%) | 16 (3.2%) | 6 (1.1%) | |
| No | 8487 (83.3%) | 4218 (82.2%) | 3409 (85.0%) | 417 (84.2%) | 443 (80.1%) | |
| Unknown | 1205 (11.8%) | 690 (13.4%) | 349 (8.7%) | 62(12.5%) | 104 (18.8%) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||||
| College or above | 978 (9.6%) | 518 (10.1%) | 376 (9.4%) | 38 (7.7%) | 46 (8.3%) | |
| High school or lower | 1110 (10.9%) | 461 (9.0%) | 563 (14.0%) | 50 (10.1%) | 36 (6.5%) | |
| Unknown | 8104 (79.5%) | 4154 (80.9%) | 3072 (76.6%) | 407 (82.2%) | 471 (85.2%) | |
| Employment | <0.001 | |||||
| Employed | 3996 (39.2%) | 2078 (40.5%) | 1489 (37.1%) | 207 (41.8%) | 222(40.1%) | |
| Unemployed | 1439 (14.1%) | 570 (11.1%) | 760 (18.9%) | 57 (11.5%) | 52 (9.4%) | |
| Retired or disabled | 1948 (19.1%) | 1017 (19.8%) | 782 (19.5%) | 68 (13.7%) | 81 (14.6%) | |
| Unknown | 2809(27.6%) | 1468 (28.6%) | 980 (24.4%) | 163 (32.9%) | 198 (35.8%) | |
| Housing stability | <0.001 | |||||
| Homeless or shelter | 80 (0.8%) | 32 (0.6%) | 44 (1.1%) | 3 (0.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Stable housing | 4215 (41.4%) | 1971 (38.4%) | 1933 (48.2%) | 160 (32.3%) | 151 (27.3%) | |
| Unknown | 5897 (57.9%) | 3130 (61%) | 2034 (50.7%) | 332 (67.1%) | 401 (72.5%) | |
| Food security | <0.001 | |||||
| Having food insecurity | 7052(69.2%) | 3416 (66.5%) | 2982 (74.3%) | 300 (60.6%) | 354 (64.0%) | |
| Unknown | 3140 (30.8%) | 1717 (33.5%) | 1029 (25.7%) | 195 (39.4%) | 199 (36.0%) | |
| Financial constraints | 0.0092 | |||||
| Has financial constraints | 5172 (50.7%) | 2386 (46.5%) | 2323 (57.9%) | 216 (43.6%) | 247 (44.7%) | |
| Unknown | 5020(49.3%) | 2747 (53.5%) | 1688 (42.1%) | 279(56.4%) | 306 (55.3%) | |
| Percentage of low income and low access population at 1/2 mile for urban and 10 miles for rural | 0.2625 (0.1965) | 0.1944 (0.1733) | 0.3528 (0.1946) | 0.2579 (0.1740) | 0.2442 (0.1685) | 0.1708 |
| Share of tract population that are seniors beyond 1/2 mile from supermarket | −0.1661 (0.0949) | −0.1635 (0.1035) | −0.1669 (0.0831) | −0.1734 (0.0837) | −0.1779 (0.1000) | < 0.001 |
| Murder rate (per 100 population) | 0.0075 (0.0043) | 0.0064 (0.0040) | 0.0089 (0.0041) | 0.0076 (0.0041) | 0.0074 (0.0044) | < 0.001 |
| Aggravated assault rate (per 100 population) | 0.3867 (0.1365) | 0.3767 (0.1704) | 0.3980 (0.0753) | 0.3994 (0.1489) | 0.3858 (0.1060) | < 0.001 |
| Motor vehicle theft rate (per 100 population) | 0.2348 (0.0882) | 0.2042 (0.0921) | 0.2718 (0.0684) | 0.2420 (0.0785) | 0.2440 (0.0794) | < 0.001 |
| Flag for low access tract at 1 mile for urban areas or 20 miles for rural areas counts | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 4630 (45.4%) | 2091 (40.7%) | 2031 (50.6%) | 253 (51.1.%) | 306 (55.3%) | |
| No | 5562 (54.6%) | 3042 (59.3%) | 1980 (49.4%) | 242 (48.9%) | 247 (44.7%) |