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. 2023 Nov 14;30(58):122011–122023. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30535-3

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Forest plots to visualize causal effects of childhood sunburn on the skin carcinoma risk. Presented odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) correspond to the effects of childhood sunburn on malignant melanoma and non-malignant skin cancer. The results of univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using various analysis methods (IVW, MR-RAPS, MR-Egger, weighed-median estimator, BWMR, MRAPS, MR-PRESSO) are presented for comparison. Total single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) indicates the number of genetic variants used as instruments for MR analysis. IVW, inverse-variance weighted; BWMR, Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization; MRAPS, MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score MR, Mendelian randomization; OR, odds ratios; CI; confidence intervals; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism