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. 2023 Dec 15;13:22325. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49830-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conflicting phylogenetic results for the Asian Palmate group in the Araliaceae. (A) Four topologies inferred from four different datasets (whole-plastome sequence, protein-coding gene sequence, first and second sites in CDS, and protein sequence); simplified topologies for each conflict are illustrated in B, C, D, and E. Detailed information for clades marked by numbers in gray circles can be found in Fig. 1. (B) Conflicts within the Asian Palmate Core. (C) Conflict of the Oplopanax position. (D) Topologies supported and bootstrap values estimated by maximum-likelihood analyses based on four different datasets. Topologies correspond to those in (B and C). The greatest bootstrap value among the four phylogenies is indicated in bold. Pf: Polyscias fruticosa.