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. 2023 Oct 8;11(12):7523–7533. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3729

TABLE 1.

Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of hesperidin on metabolic parameters, liver function, and inflammation.

References Condition (n) Treatment Duration Main results
Eghtesadi et al. (2016) T2DM (45)

  • Intervention group: 500 mg/day hesperidin (n = 23)

  • Control group: 500 mg/day placebo (n = 22)

 8 weeks
  • A significant decrease in FBG and HbA1c
  • A significant increase in serum insulin within hesperidin group
  • A significant decrease in TC within hesperidin group
  • No significant changes in inflammatory factors

Cheraghpour et al. (2019)

 NAFLD (50)

  • Intervention group: 1‐g/day hesperidin (n = 25)

  • Control group: 1‐g/day placebo (n = 25)

 12 weeks
  • A significant decrease in ALT, GGT, TC, and TG
  • A significant decrease in hepatic steatosis, hs‐CRP, TNF‐α, and NF‐κB
Haidari et al. (2015) Myocardial infarction (75)

  • Intervention group: 600 mg/day hesperidin (n = 38)

  • Control group: 600 mg/day placebo (n = 37)

 4 weeks
  • A significant decrease in E‐selectin
  • A significant increase in adiponectin and HDL‐C
  • A significant decrease in IL‐6, hs‐CRP, leptin, and other lipid profile within hesperidin group
Demonty et al. (2010) Patients with hypercholesterolemia (204)

  • Intervention group 1: 800 mg/day hesperidin (n = 59)

  • Intervention group 2: 500 mg/day naringin (n = 64)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 65)

 4 weeks

  • No significant changes in TC, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and TG
Ribeiro et al. (2017) Patients with obesity (78)

  • Intervention group: 500 mL/day orange juice (n = 39)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 39)

 12 weeks

  • A significant decrease in insulin, HOMA‐IR, TC, LDL‐C, and hs‐CRP
Lima et al. (2019) Healthy individuals (10)

  • Intervention group: 300 mL/day orange juice (n = 10)

  • No control group

 8 weeks

  • A significant decrease in TC, LDL‐C, glucose, TG, and HOMA‐IR

  • A significant increase in HDL‐C

  • No significant changes in body composition
Homayouni et al. (2017) T2DM (64)

  • Intervention group: 500 mg/day hesperidin (n = 31)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 29)

 6 weeks
  • A significant increase in TAC within hesperidin group
  • A significant decrease in serum fructosamine, 8‐OHDG, and MDA within hesperidin group
  • No significant changes in FBG and insulin resistance
Morand et al. (2011) Healthy people with overweight (24)

  • Intervention group 1: 500 mL/day orange juice (n = 24)

  • Intervention group 2: 500 mL/day control drink plus hesperidin (n = 24)

  • Control group: 500 mL/day control drink plus placebo (n = 24)

 4 weeks

  • No significant changes in the inflammatory factors (CRP, IL‐6, VCAM‐1, and ICAM‐1)

  • No significant changes in TC, LDL‐C, glucose, TG, insulinemia
Constans et al. (2015) Subjects with cardiovascular risk factors (25)
  • Intervention group: 600 mL orange juice (n = 25)
  • Control group: control drink (n = 25)
 4 weeks
  • A significant increase in apoA‐I and apoB within the intervention group
  • No significant changes in glucose, TG, hs‐CRP, and fibrinogen
Yari et al. (2021) NAFLD (100)
  • Intervention group 1: LMP + 30 g/day flaxseed (n = 25)
  • Intervention group 2: LMP + 1 g/day hesperidin (n = 25)
  • Intervention group 3: LMP + combination of 30 g flaxseed and 1 g hesperidin (flax‐hes) (n = 25)
  • Control group: LMP + placebo (n = 25)
 12 weeks

  • A significant decrease in ALT, FBS, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and fatty liver index
Hanawa et al. (2008) Healthy subjects with moderately high BMI (75)

  • Intervention group 1: 500 mg/day G‐hesperidin (n = 15)

  • Intervention group 2: 500 mg/day G‐hesperidin with 25 mg/day caffeine (n = 15)

  • Intervention group 3: 500 mg/day G‐hesperidin with 50 mg/day caffeine (n = 15)

  • Intervention group 4: 500 mg/day G‐hesperidin with 75 mg/day caffeine (n = 15)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 15)

 12 weeks

  • A significant decrease in BMI in the G‐hesperidin with 75‐mg caffeine group compared to the placebo

  • No significant change in TG
Aptekmann and Cesar (2010) Middle‐aged women with overweight (26)

  • Intervention group: 500 mL/day orange juice (n = 13)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 13)

 12 weeks

  • A significant increase in HDL‐C within the intervention group

  • A significant decrease in LDL‐C within the intervention group

  • A significant decrease in fat mass and weight within the intervention group
Yari et al. (2020) Metabolic syndrome (49)

  • Intervention group: 500 mg/day hesperidin (n = 25)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 24)

 12 weeks

  • A significant decrease in FBG, TG, and TNF‐α

  • A significant decrease in glucose, insulin, TG, TC, LDL‐C, TNF‐α, and hs‐CRP within hesperidin group
Homayouni et al. (2018) T2DM (64)

  • Intervention group: 500 mg/day hesperidin (n = 31)

  • Control group: placebo (n = 29)

 6 weeks

  • A significant decrease in TNF‐α, IL‐6, and hs‐CRP

  • A significant increase in TAC

  • A significant decrease in IL‐6 and hs‐CRP within hesperidin group

  • A significant increase in TAC within hesperidin group

Abbreviations: 8‐OHDG, 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ApoA‐I, Apolipoprotein A‐I; apoB, Apolipoprotein B; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; FFM, fat‐free mass; FM, fat mass; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL‐6: interleukin‐6; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LMP, lifestyle modification program; MDA, malondialdehyde; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.