. 2023 Dec 1;7:e44705. doi: 10.2196/44705

Table 3.

Race or ethnicity of participants in the United States—composition of the conventional modality survey (CMS) and app-based survey samples (comprising respondents from unknown locales across the United States) compared with the composition of the US 2020 census.

Selected response	CMS sample (n=2769^a), n (%)	App-based sample (n=11,676^a), n (%)	US 2020 census of the population (%)
Asian	248 (9)^b	698 (6)^b	5.9^c
Black	392 (14.2)^b	1040 (8.9)^b	13.4^c
Hawaiian or Pacific Island Native	22 (0.8)^b	49 (0.4)^b	0.3^c
Hispanic	550 (19.9)^b	1884 (16.1)^b	18.9^d
American Indian or Alaska Native	76 (2.7)^b	339 (2.9)^b	1.3^c
White	1436 (51.9)^b	7510 (64.3)^b	76.3^c
No answer or “other”	45 (1.6)	156 (1.3)	—^e

^aResponse total is greater than the number of respondents as respondents may select more than one of the listed options. For each modality, the table shows the percentage of responses in each category.

^bIncludes those who chose (1) this category alone and (2) this category in addition to any other category.

^cIncludes those who chose (1) this category alone and (2) this category and Hispanic.

^dIncludes those who chose Hispanic and one or more of the other categories.

^eNot available.