Table 4.
India participant demographics—the app-based survey sample (respondents from unknown locales across India) compared with the national Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) sample, and the conventional modality survey (CMS) sample (collected in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) compared with the DHS samples from these same 2 states.
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App-based sample (total n=1246), n (%) | India DHS 2019-2021 (table 3.1), % of sample (weighted %)a | CMS sample (total n=2515), n (%) | Bihar DHS 2019-2021 (tables 3, 17), % of sample (weighted %)a | Uttar Pradesh DHS 2015-2016 (tables 3, 10), % of sample (weighted %)a | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
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18-19 | 167 (13.4)b | 6.8 (8.4) | 72 (2.9)c | 4.5 (11.7) | 2.2 (5.7) |
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20-24 | 518 (41.6)b | 16.5 (20.5) | 718 (28.5)b | 8.8 (23) | 9.7 (25.5) |
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25-29 | 345 (27.7)b | 16.2 (20.1) | 837 (33.3)b | 7.5 (19.6) | 7.8 (20.5) |
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30-34 | 146 (11.7)c | 13.9 (17.2) | 402 (16) | 6.2 (16.1) | 6.5 (17.1) |
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35-45 | 70 (5.6)c | 27.2 (33.7) | 486 (19.3)c | 11.3 (29.3) | 11.9 (31.2) |
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Median (1st quartile-3rd quartile) | 24 (21-28) | —d | 26 (24-32) | — | — |
| Educational level | ||||||
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No formal education | 0 (0)c | 22.6 | 550 (21.9)c | 38 | 36 |
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Primary | 8 (0.6)c | 18.6 (1-7 yearse) | 1011 (40.2)b | 33 (1-9 yearse) | 31 (1-9 yearse) |
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Secondary (high school) | 200 (16.1)c | 33 (8-11 yearse) | 704 (28)b | 13 (10-11 yearse) | 10 (10-11 yearse) |
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Tertiary (college or above) | 1031 (82.7)b | 26 (≥12 yearse) | 250 (9.9)c | 16 (≥12 yearse) | 23 (≥12 yearse) |
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No answer | 7 (0.6) | — | 0 (0) | — | — |
| Locale | ||||||
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Rural | 48 (3.9)c | 67.5 | 2482 (98.7)b | 84 | 74 |
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Suburban | 176 (14.1) | Not included | 24 (1) | Not included | Not included |
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Urban | 1012 (81.2)b | 32.5 | 9 (0.4)c | 16 | 26 |
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No answer | 10 (0.8) | — | 0 (0) | — | — |
| Relationship status | ||||||
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Never married | 837 (67.2)b | 23.6 | 39 (1.6)c | 23 | 29 |
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Married or engaged | 381 (30.6)c | 72 | 2457 (97.7)b | 75 | 68 |
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Divorced or separated or widowed | 20 (1.6) | 1 | 17 (0.7) | 2 | 3 |
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No answer | 8 (0.6) | — | 2 (0.1) | — | — |
| Social group | ||||||
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Scheduled caste | 78 (6.3)c | 21.9 | 848 (33.7)b | 24 | 23 |
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Scheduled tribe | 23 (1.8)c | 9.3 | 160 (6.4) | 4 | 1 |
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Other backward class | 149 (12)c | 42.9 | 1232 (49) | 54 | 54 |
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None of the above (general category castes) | 961 (77.1)b | 25.2 | 271 (10.8)c | 17 | 22 |
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Other or no answer | 43 (3.5) | — | 4 (0.2) | 1 | 0.2 |
aPercentage of those aged 15-49 years (weighted to match this study's age categories).
bOverrepresentation compared with benchmarks.
cUnderrepresentation compared with benchmarks.
dNot available.
eYears of schooling.