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. 2023 Dec 1;7:e44705. doi: 10.2196/44705

Table 7.

Current contraceptive use in India—conventional modality survey (CMS) sample (collected in Bihar: n=1234; Uttar Pradesh: n=1281) compared with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) aggregated samples from these same 2 states (aged 15-49 years and currently married) and app-based sample (respondents from unknown locales across India) compared with 2019 to 2021 national DHS sample (figure 5.1 and table 5.5 in India DHS report; aged 15-49 years and currently married).

Responses Bihar and Uttar Pradesh National

CMS sample (n=2515), n (%) DHS (Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, approximately n=98,000)a App-based sample (n=1246), n (%) DHS 2019-2021 (approximately n=521,300)
Current users 2217 (88.2)b,c 24.5b 637 (51.1)b,c 29b

Hormonal methods (total) 581 (26.2)c,d 15.6d 76 (11.9)d,e 27.3d


LARCf methods 176 (7.9)d 7.4d 3 (0.5)d 9d



IUDg or IUSh 0 4.2d 3 (0.5)d,e 7d (2.1b)



Injection 176 (7.9)d 3.2d 0 2d (0.6b)



Implant 0 0 0 0


Non-LARC methods 395 (17.8)d 8.2d 48 (7.5) 18.3d



Pill 395 (17.8)c,d 8.2d 44 (6.9)d,e 18d (5.1b)



Patch or Ring 0 0 4 (0.6)d 0

Morning-after pill 10 (0.5)d 0 25 (3.9)d 0.3d (0.1d)

Nonhormonal methods (total) 1636 (73.8)d,e 85d 560 (87.9)c,d 71d


Condoms 777 (35)d 29d 387 (60.8)c,d 33d (9.5b)


Natural methods 610 (27.5)d,e 56d 151 (23.7)d,e 38d (11b)


Copper IUDg 76 (3.4)d 0 9 (1.4)d 0


Other methods 173 (7.8)d 0 13 (2)d 1d (0.3b)
Other responses 298 (11.8)b 75.5b 609 (48.9)b 71b

None used in last 3 months 175 (7)b,e 49.5b 359 (28.8)b 33b

Female sterilization N/Ai 26b N/A 38b

No answer or N/A 123 (4.9)b N/A 250 (20.1)b N/A

aEqual weighting of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

bPercentage of survey sample.

cOverrepresentation compared with benchmark.

dPercentage of current contraceptive users (samples do not include sterilized respondents).

eUnderrepresentation compared with benchmark.

fLARC: long-acting reversible contraception.

gIUD: intrauterine device.

hIUS: intrauterine system

iN/A: not applicable.