Table 2.
Volume of Resource Use per Patient to Manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus a
| Resource | Item | Overall Mean (s); (n = 481) | Rural Mean (s); (n = 172) | Urban Mean (s); (n = 309) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | P Value | Comorbid (s); (n = 238) | No Comorbid (s); (n = 243) | Mean Difference (95% CIs) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical consultation | Medical officer/general practitioner (times) | 0.06 (0.23) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.06 (0.24) | −0.02 (−0.06; 0.02) | 0.27 | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.01 (−0.04; 0.05) | 0.80 |
| Cardiologist (times) | 0.01 (0.10) | NA | 0.013 (0.11) | NA | NA | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.00 (−0.02; 0.02) | 0.98 | |
| Ophthalmologist (times) | 0.02 (0.16) | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.17) | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.02) | 0.46 | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.03 (−0.003; 0.05) | 0.075 | |
| Dentist (times) | 0.002 (0.05) | NA | 0.003 (0.06) | NA | NA | 0.004 (0.06) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Podiatrist (times) | 0.002 (0.05) | NA | 0.003 (0.06) | NA | NA | NA | 0.00 (0.06) | NA | NA | |
| Health assistant (times) | 0.004 (0.06) | NA | 0.01 (0.08) | NA | NA | 0.004 (0.06) | 0.004 (0.06) | 0.00 (−0.01; 0.01) | 0.99 | |
| Diagnostic | HbA1c (times) | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.65 (0.48) | −0.19 (−0.28; −0.09) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.57 (0.49) | 0.03 (−0.06; 0.12) | 0.47 |
| Electrocardiogram (times) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.40) | −0.07 (−0.13; 0.001) | 0.052 | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.04 (−0.03; 0.10) | 0.28 | |
| Dilated eye examination (times) | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.67 (0.47) | −0.15 (−0.24; −0.06) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.48) | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.08 (−0.01; 0.17) | 0.073 | |
| Foot care examination (times) | 0. 16 (0.37) | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.18 (0.39) | −0.07 (−0.13; 0.000) | 0.049 | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.16 (0.37) | −0.005 (-0.07; 0.06) | 0.88 | |
| Medicine | Diabetes mellitus (times) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.00 (−0.04; 0.05) | 0.88 | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.94 (0.23) | −0.01 (−0.05; 0.04) | 0.80 |
| Coronary heart disease (times) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.21) | −0.02 (−0.05; 0.02) | 0.38 | 0.08 (0.27) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Dyspnea (times) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.00 (−0.03; 0.03) | 0.97 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Depression/anxiety (times) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.02 (0.13) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.02) | 0.69 | 0.03 (0.17) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (times) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.03 (−0.04; 0.10) | 0.37 | 0.29 (0.46) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Hypertension (times) | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.32 (0.47) | 0.39 (0.49) | −0.07 (−0.16; 0.02) | 0.130 | 0.74 (0.44) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Thrombosis (times) | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.13) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.008) | 0.26 | 0.03 (0.16) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Others (high fever, common cold, pain relief) (times) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.01 (−0.04; 0.05) | 0.77 | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.00 (−0.04; 0.04) | 0.96 | |
| Hospitalization | Separate number of admissions (times) | 1.40 (0.69) | 1.67 (0.58) | 1.29 (0.76) | 0.38 (−0.76; 1.52) | 0.46 | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.67 (0.81) | −0.67 (−1.52; 0.19) | 0.102 |
| Overnight stay (days) | 0.02 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.15) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.02) | 0.70 | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.16) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.02) | 0.55 | |
| Length of stay (LOS) days | 8.60 (6.04) | 8.00 (6.56) | 8.86 (6.34) | −0.86 (−11.03; 9.31) | 0.85 | 9.25 (5.74) | 8.17 (6.74) | 1.08 (−8.41; 10.58) | 0.80 | |
| Transportation | Travel time (hour) | 0.93 (1.24) | 1.14 (1.56) | 0.67 (0.92) | 0.75 (0.49; 1.003) | <0.001 | 0.95 (1.26) | 0.92 (1.22) | 0.03 (−0.19; 0.25) | 0.82 |
| Food items | Recommended fruits & vegetables (times) | 3.63 (2.69) | 3.64 (2.67) | 3.63 (2.70) | 0.02 (−0.51; 0.54) | 0.95 | 3.76 (2.64) | 3.50 (2.74) | 0.26 (−0.25; 0.77) | 0.32 |
NA, not reported or not applicable; s, standard deviation.
a
P value was obtained from an independent-sample t test.