Table 2.
Left-sided cardiac obstructions with need of neonatal repair vs. all others.
| False positives and healthy controls | n | Left-sided cardiac obstructions | n | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fetal cardiac examination | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 36.1 [3.2] | 27 | 35.2 [4.7] | 24 | 0.4 |
| Estimated weight by MR (g) | 2,754 [977] | 27 | 2,579 [934] | 24 | 0.3 |
| Fetal growth restriction | 4 (15) | 27 | 3 (13) | 24 | 1 |
| Associated cardiac anomalies | |||||
| L-SVC | 1 (5) | 22 | 1 (4) | 24 | 1 |
| VSD | 3 (14) | 22 | 4 (17) | 24 | 1 |
| RAS | 2 (9) | 22 | 5 (21) | 24 | 0.4 |
| Fetal echocardiogram | |||||
| Foramen ovale flow | |||||
| Right–left | 13 (59) | 22 | 1 (4) | 24 | <0 . 001 |
| Bidirectional | 9 (41) | 10 (42) | |||
| Left–right | 0 (0) | 9 (38) | |||
| None | 0 (0) | 4 (17) | |||
| Retrograde systolic isthmic flow | 2 (7) | 27 | 17 (71) | 24 | <0 . 001 |
| Fetal CMR | |||||
| Descending aorta flow | |||||
| Indexed total flow (ml/kg/min) | 255 [97] | 25 | 253 [80] | 22 | 0.3 |
| Indexed peak flow (ml/kg/s) | 11.5 [2.4] | 25 | 11.2 [4.5] | 22 | 0.5 |
| Indexed minimum flow (ml/kg/s) | 0.7 [1.3] | 25 | 0.7 [1.2] | 22 | 0.5 |
| Quotient minimum flow/total flow | 0.2 [0.3] | 25 | 0.2 [2.8] | 22 | 0.5 |
| Upslope/net flow (ml/s) | 0.032 [0.01] | 25 | 0.034 [0.01] | 22 | 0.9 |
| Downslope/net flow (ml/s) | −0.018 [0.01] | 25 | −0.017 [0.01] | 22 | 0.8 |
| Indexed net flow (ml/kg) | 1.0 [0.4] | 25 | 0.9 [0.5] | 22 | 0.4 |
| Mean max velocity (cm/s) | 67.3 [16.4] | 25 | 69.4 [17.5] | 22 | 0.2 |
| Mean min velocity (cm/s) | 7.5 [5.2] | 25 | 7.7 [8.6] | 22 | 0.7 |
| Mean max–mean min velocity (cm/s) | 57.2 [16.4] | 25 | 62.1 [18.4] | 22 | 0.2 |
| Umbilical vein flow (ml/kg/min) | 142 [93] | 20 | 136 [69] | 16 | 0.8 |
| DAo/UV flow | 2.0 [0.8] | 18 | 1.9 [0.9] | 14 | 0.7 |
| Postpartum outcome | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.6 [1.9] | 27 | 39.4 [2.1] | 24 | 0.8 |
| Weight (g) | 3,340 [612] | 27 | 3,394 [711] | 24 | 0.8 |
| Small for gestational age | 3 (11) | 27 | 4 (17) | 24 | 0.7 |
| Female sex | 11 (44) | 25 | 9 (38) | 24 | 0.8 |
| Neonatal cardiac surgery | 1 (4)a | 27 | 23 (96)b | 24 | <0 . 001 |
| Age at operation (days) | 5 [—] | 2 | 5 [4] | 23 | 0.8 |
| Neonatal death | 0 (0) | 27 | 5 (21) | 24 | 0 . 01 |
| One-year mortality | 0 (0) | 27 | 6 (25) | 24 | 0 . 006 |
L-SVC, persistent left superior vena cava; RAS, restrictive atrial septum.
Data are presented as median [IQR] or n (%).
a
PDA closure.
b
One newborn with HLHS/IAS was deemed unsuitable for univentricular palliation.
Bold values indicate significant p-values.