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. 2023 Dec 1;14:1272241. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1272241

TABLE 3.

Exploration, analysis, and potential medical applications of PDEVs.

Sources Size (nm) Drugs and contents Target cells Function References
Grape 200–800 nm proteins, lipids (PA, PE, PC), miRNA Gastrointestinal tract (RAW-264.7) Amelioration of DSS-induced colitis; Normalization of intestinal stem cell expression (Lgr5) Ju et al. (2013)
Lemon 50–150 nm Doxorubicin (DOX); miRNA, proteins, lipids DOX-resistant ovarian tumor cells Suppression of tumor cell growth and proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia Xiao et al. (2022)
Grapefruit 150–200 nm Methotrexate (MTX), Doxorubicin (DOX), Curcumin (Cur) Intestinal macrophages, Liver macrophages, Colon cancer Enhances the chemotherapeutic inhibition of tumor growth through the delivery of therapeutic drugs Wang et al. (2014)
50–100 nm miR17, miR-18a GL26 brain tumor cells, Colon cancer Amelioration in body weight loss and colon shortening in the mice model; Prolongation of survival rate Zhuang et al. (2016)
- JSI-124, siRNA, paclitaxel (PTX) Cancer cells The enhanced therapeutical effect of IGNVs on inhibition of colitis; Prolongation of survival rate Wang et al. (2013)
Broccoli 100 nm AuNPs Tumor cells Amelioration of various types of colitis; Normalization of intestinal mucus layers Deng et al. (2017), Singh et al. (2018)
Acerola 200–300 nm miRNA Bloodstream Transports small RNA to the digestive system in vivo Umezu et al. (2021)
Ginger 200–400 nm Doxorubicin (Dox) Colon cancer cells Enhances the chemotherapeutic inhibition of tumor cell growth by delivering FA-mediated anti-cancer agents Zhang et al. (2016c), Zhang et al. (2017)
Colon-26 cells and HT-29 cells
100–200 nm miRNA, proteins, lipids, siRNA-3WJ Tumor cells (somatic cells, KB) Inhibition of tumor cell growth with FA-3WJ siRNA ligand/GDENs Li et al. (2018)
50–100 nm miRNA, proteins, lipids (PA, DGDG, MGDG, PC), metabolites (gingerol, shogaol) Gastrointestinal tract (RAW 264.7) Alleviation of the liver damage induced by alcohol Zhuang et al. (2015)