TABLE 3.
Exploration, analysis, and potential medical applications of PDEVs.
Sources | Size (nm) | Drugs and contents | Target cells | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grape | 200–800 nm | proteins, lipids (PA, PE, PC), miRNA | Gastrointestinal tract (RAW-264.7) | Amelioration of DSS-induced colitis; Normalization of intestinal stem cell expression (Lgr5) | Ju et al. (2013) |
Lemon | 50–150 nm | Doxorubicin (DOX); miRNA, proteins, lipids | DOX-resistant ovarian tumor cells | Suppression of tumor cell growth and proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia | Xiao et al. (2022) |
Grapefruit | 150–200 nm | Methotrexate (MTX), Doxorubicin (DOX), Curcumin (Cur) | Intestinal macrophages, Liver macrophages, Colon cancer | Enhances the chemotherapeutic inhibition of tumor growth through the delivery of therapeutic drugs | Wang et al. (2014) |
50–100 nm | miR17, miR-18a | GL26 brain tumor cells, Colon cancer | Amelioration in body weight loss and colon shortening in the mice model; Prolongation of survival rate | Zhuang et al. (2016) | |
- | JSI-124, siRNA, paclitaxel (PTX) | Cancer cells | The enhanced therapeutical effect of IGNVs on inhibition of colitis; Prolongation of survival rate | Wang et al. (2013) | |
Broccoli | 100 nm | AuNPs | Tumor cells | Amelioration of various types of colitis; Normalization of intestinal mucus layers | Deng et al. (2017), Singh et al. (2018) |
Acerola | 200–300 nm | miRNA | Bloodstream | Transports small RNA to the digestive system in vivo | Umezu et al. (2021) |
Ginger | 200–400 nm | Doxorubicin (Dox) | Colon cancer cells | Enhances the chemotherapeutic inhibition of tumor cell growth by delivering FA-mediated anti-cancer agents | Zhang et al. (2016c), Zhang et al. (2017) |
Colon-26 cells and HT-29 cells | |||||
100–200 nm | miRNA, proteins, lipids, siRNA-3WJ | Tumor cells (somatic cells, KB) | Inhibition of tumor cell growth with FA-3WJ siRNA ligand/GDENs | Li et al. (2018) | |
50–100 nm | miRNA, proteins, lipids (PA, DGDG, MGDG, PC), metabolites (gingerol, shogaol) | Gastrointestinal tract (RAW 264.7) | Alleviation of the liver damage induced by alcohol | Zhuang et al. (2015) |