Table 1.
Methods of studies on impact of Ramadan fasting on subjects with or without chronic kidney disease.
| Reference | Type of study | Number of centers | Nonfasting controls (Y/N) | Sex (M/F) | Average age (years) | Dates∗ (summer: 5/15–9/15) | Fasting duration (hours)∗ | Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C) | Statistical analysis provided (Y/N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [34] | Retrospective | M | N | 69/31 | 60 | 9/7–7/8/2013 | 17 | 15–35 | Y |
| 29/6–27/7/2014 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [35] | Retrospective | S | Y | 51.5/48.5 | 49.7 | 6/6−5/7/2016 | 15 | 28–43 | Y |
| 55.5/44.5 | 50.4 | 27/5–24/6/2017 | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [36] | Prospective | S | N | 42/58 | 45.6 | 11/8–8/9/2010 | 15 | 15–40 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [37] | Prospective | S | N | 47/53 | 75 | 29/6–27/7/2014 | 17 | 15–35 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [38] | Prospective | S | N | 61/39 | 53.1 | 18/6–17/7/2015 | 15 | 25–45 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [39] | Prospective | S | N | 50/50 | 39 | NR | NR | NR | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [40] | Prospective | S | N | 40/60 | 53 | 16/11–15/12/2001 | 12 | 10–25 | Y |
| 100/0 | 48.3 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [41] | Prospective | S | N | 61/39 | 54 | 4/10–3/11/2005 | 13 | 20–30 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [42] | Prospective | S | N | 57/43 | 44 | August/2011 | 14 | 22–38 | Y |
| July–August/2012 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [43] | Prospective | S | Y | 17/83 | 45.6 | 18/6–17/7/2015 | 17 | 17–33 | Y |
| 42/58 | 47.9 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [44] | Prospective | S | Y | 60/40 | 58.4 | 22/8–19/9/2009 11/8–8/9/2009 1/8–30/8/2009 |
15 | 25–40 | Y |
| 50/50 | 60.9 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [45] | Prospective | S | Y | 70/30 | 66.8 | 18/6–17/7/2015 | 17.5 | 18–30 | Y |
| 51/49 | 64.1 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [46] | Prospective | S | Y | 54/46 | 68 | 7/6–5/7/2016 | 17 | 15–40 | Y |
| 47/53 | 69 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [47] | Prospective | S | Y | 51.5/48.5 | 58.7 | 16/5–14/6/2018 | 17 | 5–30 | Y |
| 49.3/50.7 | 60.1 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [48] | Prospective | S | Y | 64/36 | 65.4 | 6/5–3/6/2019 | 16.5 | 10–25 | Y |
| 62.5/37.5 | 61.2 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [49] | Prospective | S | N | 56/44 | 60.5 | 6/6–5/7/2016 | 15 | 30–45 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [50] | Prospective | S | N | 40/60 | 61.9 | 16/5–14/6/2018 | 16 | 18–35 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [51] | Prospective | S | N | 36/64 | 46 | 6/5–3/6/2019 | 14.5 | 25–45 | N |
|
| |||||||||
| [52] | Prospective | S | N | 80/20 | 48.7 | 6/6–5/7/2016 | 16 | 25–40 | Y |
| 33/67 | 49.7 | ||||||||
| 67/33 | 49 | ||||||||
| [53] | Prospective | S | N | 38/62 | 55.1 | 6/6–5/7/2016 | 16 | 25–40 | Y |
| 55.3 | |||||||||
| 47.7 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [54] | Prospective | S | N | 54/46 | 49.9 | 27/5–24/6/2017 | 13 | 24–32 | Y |
| 55/45 | 54.7 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| [55] | Prospective | S | N | 47/53 | 53.1 | 6/5–3/6/2019 | 14.5 | 25–40 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [56] | Prospective | S | N | 21/79 | 57.2 | 6/5–3/6-2019 | 15.5 | 14–43 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [57] | Prospective | S | N | 30/70 | 50 | 11/8–8/9/2010 | 15 | 25–42 | Y |
|
| |||||||||
| [58] | Prospective | S | N | 23/77 | 52.1 | 11/8–9/9/2010 | 14 | 23–32 | Y |
M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported. ∗Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.