Table 5.
Total and subscale scores of the Maternal Attitudes and Knowledge about Newborn Screenings Survey according to some variables
| Scales | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–24 years | 7.00 ± 6.16 | 5.35 ± 3.10 | 5.27 ± 3.76 | 17.61 ± 11.05 |
| 25–30 years | 6.22 ± 5.14 | 5.37 ± 3.24 | 5.58 ± 3.02 | 17.16 ± 9.12 |
| 31–35 years | 6.84 ± 5.52 | 5.29 ± 2.82 | 5.73 ± 3.35 | 17.87 ± 9.63 |
| ≥ 36 years | 7.57 ± 4.57 | 5.95 ± 2.77 | 6.41 ± 3.05 | 19.93 ± 8.44 |
| Test* | 6.383; .094 | 3.206; .361 | 6.808; .078 | 6.860; .076 |
| Education level | ||||
| Primary school dropout/degree | 8.27 ± 4.79a | 5.97 ± 2.48 | 7.03 ± 2.80a | 21.27 ± 8.30a |
| Secondary school degree | 5.50 ± 4.55b | 5.05 ± 2.99 | 5.40 ± 3.17b | 15.95 ± 9.15b |
| High school degree | 7.11 ± 5.41ab | 5.70 ± 3.12 | 5.91 ± 3.19b | 18.73 ± 9.30ab |
| University and above | 6.36 ± 5.54ab | 5.22 ± 3.14 | 5.24 ± 3.31b | 16.82 ± 9.70ab |
| Test* | 14.143; .003 | 5.373; .146 | 20.340; .000 | 17.546; .001 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Yes | 7.84 ± 6.24 | 5.86 ± 3.33 | 5.70 ± 3.91 | 19.40 ± 11.18 |
| No | 5.69 ± 3.93 | 5.05 ± 2.64 | 5.78 ± 2.40 | 16.52 ± 7.08 |
| Test** | − 2.983; .003 | − 2.561; .010 | − 1.218; .223 | − 2.329; .020 |
| Education level of the spouse | ||||
| Primary school dropout/degree | 7.13 ± 4.81 | 5.69 ± 2.81 | 6.77 ± 3.05a | 19.59 ± 8.75 |
| Primary school degree | 6.40 ± 4.91 | 5.53 ± 3.01 | 5.68 ± 3.02b | 17.60 ± 8.56 |
| Secondary school degree | 6.08 ± 4.87 | 5.00 ± 2.84 | 5.43 ± 3.21b | 16.51 ± 8.83 |
| High school degree | 7.24 ± 5.86 | 5.69 ± 3.22 | 5.62 ± 3.32b | 18.54 ± 10.20 |
| Test* | 3.653; .301 | 6.823; .078 | 9.568; .023 | 7.889; .051 |
| Employment status of the spouse | ||||
| Yes | 6.88 ± 5.39 | 5.44 ± 3.06 | 5.68 ± 3.26 | 18.01 ± 9.60 |
| No | 5.10 ± 3.55 | 5.57 ± 2.45 | 6.43 ± 2.65 | 17.10 ± 6.90 |
| Test** | − 1.573; .116 | − .247; .805 | − 1.480; .139 | − .230; .818 |
| Family type | ||||
| Nuclear family | 6.48 ± 5.31 | 5.46 ± 3.07 | 5.61 ± 3.22 | 17.55 ± 9.38 |
| Extended family | 8.56 ± 4.90 | 5.35 ± 2.66 | 6.65 ± 3.11 | 20.56 ± 9.34 |
| Test** | − 3.196; .001 | − .231; .817 | − 2.401; .016 | − 2.252; .024 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| City | 6.70 ± 5.67 | 5.26 ± 3.14 | 5.47 ± 3.52a | 17.42 ± 10.27 |
| Province | 6.93 ± 4.96 | 5.73 ± 2.94 | 6.10 ± 2.93b | 18.76 ± 8.48 |
| Village/town | 6.18 ± 4.27 | 5.36 ± 2.56 | 5.82 ± 2.35a | 17.36 ± 7.63 |
| Test* | 1.419; .492 | 1.824; .402 | 7.867; .020 | 5.107; .078 |
| Having a social insurance | ||||
| Yes | 6.67 ± 5.41 | 5.39 ± 3.07 | 5.63 ± 3.27 | 17.69 ± 9.61 |
| No | 7.20 ± 4.50 | 5.84 ± 2.69 | 6.44 ± 2.88 | 19.47 ± 8.04 |
| Test** | − 1.363; .173 | − 1.178; .239 | − 2.185; .029 | − 2.072; .038 |
| Income status | ||||
| Income less than expenses | 6.39 ± 5.16 | 5.51 ± 2.91 | 5.48 ± 2.97 | 17.38 ± 8.03 |
| Income equal to expenses | 6.59 ± 5.23 | 5.53 ± 3.27 | 5.86 ± 3.25 | 17.98 ± 9.78 |
| Income more than expenses | 7.46 ± 5.58 | 5.21 ± 2.53 | 5.76 ± 3.45 | 18.43 ± 10.04 |
| Test* | 2.124; .346 | 1.250; .535 | 1.624; .444 | .528; .768 |
| Hereditary disease in the family | ||||
| Yes | 7.14 ± 7.74 | 4.18 ± 3.45a | 6.36 ± 4.09 | 17.68 ± 13.14 |
| No | 6.72 ± 5.17 | 5.59 ± 2.98b | 5.77 ± 3.20 | 18.08 ± 9.16 |
| Do not know | 6.71 ± 4.68 | 4.64 ± 2.98a | 4.89 ± 2.73 | 16.25 ± 9.52 |
| Test* | .446; .800 | 7.020; .030 | 1.901; .387 | 1.045; .593 |
| Parental consanguinity | ||||
| Yes | 7.40 ± 5.35 | 5.31 ± 2.75 | 6.75 ± 2.94 | 19.46 ± 9.45 |
| No | 6.66 ± 5.29 | 5.47 ± 3.06 | 5.60 ± 3.24 | 17.73 ± 9.41 |
| Test** | − .884; .377 | − .390; .696 | − 2.426; .015 | − 1.194; .232 |
| The number of pregnancies | ||||
| 1 | 6.83 ± 5.72 | 5.32 ± 3.10 | 5.48 ± 3.40a | 17.64 ± 10.18 |
| 2 | 6.45 ± 5.03 | 5.26 ± 2.95 | 5.44 ± 3.01a | 17.15 ± 8.48 |
| 3 | 6.59 ± 5.42 | 5.45 ± 3.22 | 5.72 ± 3.19a | 17.76 ± 9.93 |
| ≥ 4 | 7.26 ± 4.96 | 5.95 ± 2.78 | 6.62 ± 3.23b | 19.82 ± 8.98 |
| Test* | 2.033; .566 | 2.481; .479 | 10.753; .013 | 5.451; .142 |
| The number of living children | ||||
| 1 | 6.10 ± 5.00a | 5.03 ± 2.87a | 5.17 ± 3.22a | 16.29 ± 9.06a |
| 2 | 6.74 ± 5.56ab | 5.51 ± 3.22ab | 5.66 ± 3.09a | 17.91 ± 9.38ab |
| ≥ 3 | 7.73 ± 5.22b | 6.01 ± 2.85b | 6.72 ± 3.24b | 20.46 ± 9.56b |
| Test* | 7.407; .025 | 7.348; .025 | 17.859; .000 | 13.709; .001 |
| Planning status of the last pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 6.65 ± 5.18 | 5.41 ± 3.01 | 5.57 ± 3.28 | 17.63 ± 9.40 |
| No | 6.98 ± 5.60 | 5.55 ± 3.07 | 6.18 ± 3.05 | 18.72 ± 9.46 |
| Test** | − .230; .818 | − .429; .668 | − 2.026; .043 | − .929; .353 |
| Gender of baby | ||||
| Girl | 6.56 ± 5.15 | 5.28 ± 3.01 | 5.83 ± 3.12 | 17.66 ± 9.24 |
| Boy | 6.98 ± 5.48 | 5.67 ± 3.03 | 5.63 ± 3.36 | 18.28 ± 9.66 |
| Test** | − .772; .440 | − 1.089; .276 | − .608; .543 | − .459; .646 |
| Having regular check-ups during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 6.63 ± 5.32 | 5.43 ± 3.06 | 5.68 ± 3.24 | 17.74 ± 9.50 |
| No | 9.16 ± 4.21 | 5.79 ± 2.04 | 7.00 ± 2.56 | 21.95 ± 6.65 |
| Test** | − 2.600; .009 | − .625; .532 | − 1.942; .052 | − 2.528; .011 |
| Fear of having a heel stick sampling | ||||
| Yes | 7.39 ± 5.11 | 5.33 ± 2.78 | 5.94 ± 3.31 | 18.67 ± 9.42 |
| No | 6.62 ± 5.33 | 5.47 ± 3.07 | 5.70 ± 3.21 | 17.79 ± 9.43 |
| Test** | − 1.368; .171 | − .398; .690 | − .414; .679 | − .547; .584 |
| Receiving information about newborn screenings | ||||
| Yes | 6.67 ± 6.09 | 5.39 ± 3.22 | 4.98 ± 3.64 | 17.03 ± 10.79 |
| No | 6.83 ± 4.26 | 5.52 ± 2.79 | 6.59 ± 2.42 | 18.94 ± 7.51 |
| Test** | − 1.802; .072 | − .534; .594 | − 6.373; .000 | − 3.333; .001 |
The superscripts a, b, and c show within-group differences in each group, and the measurements with the same letters are similar
1 Maternal attitudes about newborn screening test subscale, 2 Concepts about newborn screening test subscale, 3 Maternal knowledge about newborn screening test subscale, 4 Total of the Maternal Attitudes and Knowledge about Newborn Screenings Survey
*Kruskal Wallis test
**Mann-Whitney U test was used, Chi-square/z; p values are given