Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Dec 16;13:22386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49679-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Microbial diversity, taxonomic and compositional profiling of the study cohort. Differences in species richness (A) and evenness (B, Shannon index) between Control (n = 43- and T2DM (n = 40) individuals (ns = p-value < 0.05; Wilcoxon rank-sum test). (C) Taxonomic profile of the study cohort based on phylum-level annotations derived from UHGC1.0 database. For the 4 most abundance phylums, the top 4 family features are visualized. Others bin groups phylum with relative abundances < 2%. Samples are ordered by the relative abudance of Enterobacteriaceae family. (D) PCoA ordination based on Bray–Curtis beta-diversity matrix computed from genus-level abundance data. Samples are colored based on the clinical study group. Abundance vectors of 18 bacterial genera with the most significant associations with the k = 3 enterotypes (FDR < 0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test; Supplemental Fig. 2) are fitted on the ordination plot with envfit function of the vegan R package. (E) Impact of different covariates over microbiome composition of the study cohort. Barplot represents the effect sizes (R2, x-axis) product of Permanova tests assessing the marginal effects of each covariate in the x-axis over Bray–Curtis beta-diversity matrix computed from genus-level abundance data (each covariate analyzed in a model with all other covariates plus the resequencing status of the sample; adonis2 function of vegan package; *p-value < 0.05).