Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studies included in meta-analysis.
| Study | Sample size | Mean age (year) | Criteria | Medication status (drug naive/free or not) | Illness duration (month) | PANSS (T/P/N) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (male) | Controls (male) | Patients | Controls | |||||
| Chen et al.52 (2015)a | 42 (19) | 84 (42) | 24.6 | 24.7 | DSM‑IV | Yes | 39.2 | 86.0/23.2/20.5 |
| Chen et al.52 (2015)a | 42 (21) | 84 (42) | 24.7 | 24.7 | DSM‑IV | Yes | 49.0 | 86.0/22.7/20.6 |
| Chen et al.53 (2022)b | 46 (21) | 48 (23) | 21.7 | 21.9 | DSM-V | No | NA | 82.3/20.1/20.2 |
| Chen et al.53 (2022)b | 39 (18) | 48 (23) | 20.2 | 21.9 | DSM-V | No | NA | 81.6/18.1/21.0 |
| Chen et al.54 (2018) | 52 (45) | 128 (99) | 28.0 | 27.1 | DSM-IV | Yes | 71.1 | 66.5/18.4/17.2 |
| Chen et al.11 (2019) | 30 (22) | 30 (17) | 25.8 | 25 | DSM-IV | Yes | 51.5 | 88.0/23.8/22.1 |
| Chen et al.55 (2019)c | 26 (12) | 33 (14) | 25.1 | 27.3 | SCID-IV | Yes | 52.0 | 44.2/8.8/10.7 |
| Chen et al.55 (2019)c | 31 (14) | 33 (14) | 24.9 | 27.3 | SCID-IV | Yes | 55.6 | 48.1/13.2/10.9 |
| Ding et al.56 (2019) | 44 (28) | 44 (23) | 23.5 | 23.6 | DSM-IV | No | 22.3 | 90.7/22.5/22.5 |
| Guo et al.57 (2015) | 49 (30) | 50 (23) | 22.7 | 23.5 | DSM-IV | No | 22.5 | 91.3/22.3/22.8 |
| Guo et al.58 (2017) | 17 (8) | 24 (11) | 33.1 | 30.7 | DSM-IV | No | 12.0 | 88.1/23.0/20.2 |
| Kang et al.59 (2020) | 52 (20) | 51 (22) | 26.0 | 26 | DSM-IV | No | NA | NA |
| Li et al.16 (2020) | 32 (16) | 32 (21) | 30.9 | 31.4 | DSM-IV | No | 8.9 | 77.4/20.0/20.6 |
| Lei et al.60 (2015) | 124 (61) | 102 (50) | 24.5 | 24.8 | DSM-IV | No | 6.8 | 88.4/15.3/15.7 |
| Miao et al.61 (2020)d | 15 (10) | 20 (6) | 35.2 | 35.1 | DSM-IV | Yes | 178.8 | 71.5/19.3/16.8 |
| Miao et al.61 (2020)d | 19 (7) | 20 (6) | 34.6 | 35.1 | DSM-IV | Yes | 156.0 | 75.1/20.7/19.8 |
| Palaniyappan et al.15 (2014) | 39 (30) | 34 (23) | 34.2 | 33.8 | DSM-IV | Yes | NA | NA |
| Skåtun et al.12 (2016) | 71 (44) | 196 (113) | 28.2 | 31.5 | DSM-IV | Yes | 63.6 | 58.1/13.3/14.8 |
| Wang et al.62 (2018) | 56 (23) | 56 (25) | 25.5 | 25.8 | DSM-IV | No | NA | NA |
| Wang et al.63 (2017) | 35 (20) | 30 (13) | 15.5 | 15.3 | DSM-IV-TR | No | 16 | 74.6/20.4/20.9 |
| Yang et al.64 (2020) | 11 (6) | 19 (10) | 41.2 | 37.6 | DSM-IV | Yes | NA | 84.9/23.6/22.2 |
| Yu et al.14 (2021) | 22 (11) | 60 (38) | 33.4 | 32.9 | DSM-IV-TR | No | 15.5 | 93.5/27.2/19.8 |
| Zhao et al.65 (2022) | 48 (21) | 31 (14) | 15.8 | 15.4 | DSM-IV-TR | No | 5.4 | 75.1/21.5/17.9 |
| Zhou et al.10 (2022) | 20 (7) | 21 (8) | 16.8 | 16.8 | DSM-IV | No | 6.0 | 92.8/24.5/25.7 |
| Zhuo et al.13 (2017) | 95 (54) | 93 (45) | 33.6 | 33 | DSM-IV | Yes | 121.4 | 71.5/17.1/20.3 |
DSM‑IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, DSM-V Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, N negative symptom score, NA not available, P positive symptom score, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, SCID-IV Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, T total symptom score.
a–dThe four studies divided patients into two datasets based on different symptoms.