Table 1. Anti-cancer effects of biochanin-A substantiated through in-vivo and in-vitro experiments is summarized in Table 1.

( ↑increase, ↓decrease or × inhibit, + activation).

Pharmacological Application	Study models	Dose used	Major findings\mechanisms	Reference
Breast cancer	HER-2 Positive breast cancer cell lines	2–100 μM	NFκB ↓ Unique anticancer agent MAPK or ERK 1/2 phosphorylation ×	( Sehdev, Lai and Bhushan, 2009)
	MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells	10–50 μM	Cell cycle apoptotis + DMBA ×	( Han et al., 2006)
	Human granular luteal cells	10–100 nm	Cyp19 enzyme ↓ Have role in aromatase activity	( Rice, Mason and Whitehead, 2006)
	MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines	500 nm	Anti-oestrogenic property	( Collins, McLachlan and Arnold, 1997)
	CTLL-2 cells (Murine IL-2 dependent T cell clone	5–50 μM	Topoisomerase II ×	( Azuma et al., 1995)
Prostate cancer	LNCaP cell lines	0.5–50 μM	testosterone-UDPGT ↑ PSA ↓ Androgen metabolism ×	( Sun et al., 1998)
	PC-3 (p53 mutant) and LNCaP (p53 wild type)	100 μM	p21 ↑ PLK-1 ↓ Cell apoptosis +	( Seo et al., 2011)
	DU-145 and LNCaP	8.0 μg/mL for LNCaP 9.0 μg/mL for DU-145 cells	EGF-stimulated growth × tyrosine kinase events ×	( Peterson and Barnes, 1993)
	Red clover diet Model (Isoflavones constitute 1.26% of the diet)	Biochanin-A 5.74 mg isoflavone/g pellet	ER-β and E-cadherin levels ↑ Cancer formation ×	( Slater, Brown and Husband, 2002)
	LNCaP cells Athymic mice with LNCaP flank tumors	10 μg/mL 400 μg for animal xenographs model	DNA fragmentation ↑ p21 and cyclin B ↓ Tumor size and incidence ↓	( Rice et al., 2002)
	Fibroblast cell	100 μg/mL	5 α-reductase isozymes × hormone-dependent tumours ↓	( Evans, Griffiths and Morton, 1995)
	LNCaP cells and DU145 cells,	20–100 μM	TRAIL-associated cell death NF-κB ×	( Szliszka et al., 2013)
	PC-3, LnCaP, and DU145	100 μmol/L	Cell proliferation × Growth and metabolism ×	( Hempstock, Kavanagh and George, 1998)
Lung cancer	95D and A549 cancer cells injected to male nude mice	Biochanin-A IP 15,60 mg/kg group of A549 18,75 mg/kg group of 95D	Cell proliferation of lung cancer cells ×	( Li et al., 2018).
	Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line(A427),Human monocyte leukaemia cell line (AML-193)	5, 20, 40 μM	Hinderes proinflammatory effects triggered from leukaemia	( Wang et al., 2018
	New born mouse model	65 mg/kg	Carcinogenesis ×	( Lee et al., 1991)
	Non-small cell lung cancer	Soy red clover isoflavones	Isoflavones combined with EGFR inhibitors improve NSCLC cell growth	( Ambrosio et al., 2016)
Pancreatic cancer	Panc/AsPC-1	5 mg/mL	Cell proliferation × Apoptosis +	( Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Colon cancer	Caco-2,HCT-116 cell lines	34 μM	Biochanin-A combination with 5 FU promotes management of colon cancer	( Mahmoud et al., 2017)
	HT29cells	1–100 μM	Biochanin-A increases radiotoxicity	( Puthli, Tiwari and Mishra, 2013)
	HCT-116 Sw-480 cell lines	2.5–100 μM	Biochanin-A enhances genotoxYangiharaic effects and antitumor mechanism	Yanagihara et al., 1993)
	320 DM cell line	20 μM	Biochanin-A is a promising target for cancer	( Kohen et al., 2007)
Glioblastoma multiforme	U87MG	50 μM	MMP 2 and MMP 9 ↓	( Puli, Lai and Bhushan, 2006)
	Rat brain tumour (C6) Murine brain endothelial (bEnd.3) cells Ex-vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane model	5, 35, and 70 μmol/L	Anti-angiogenic properties through ERK/AKT/mTOR dephosphorylation	( Jain, Lai and Bhushan, 2015)
	U-87 MG, and T98 G	70 μM	EGFR, p-ERK, p-AKT, c-myc, and MT-MMP1 activation ↓ cell survival * Synergism to anti-cancer ability of Temozolomide	( Desai et al., 2019)
	U-87 human glioblastoma cell line	20 μM and 70 μM	p-EGFR, p-ERK, uPAR, MMP-2 ↓	( Jain, Lai and Bhushan, 2011)
Osteosarcoma	MG63 and U2OS Cells	20±0.3 μg/mL	Bax: Bcl-2/Bcl-XL ratio ↑ caspase 9 & 3 + MMP ↓	( Hsu et al., 2018)
	MG63 and U2OS Cells	40 μM	Apoptosis + caspase-3 ↑ Cell proliferation and invasion ×	( Zhao et al., 2018b)
Leukaemia	JCS		Monocytic differentiation to macrophages + Phagocytic activity ↑	( Fung et al., 1997)