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. 2023 Dec 16;16:121. doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01518-1

Table 3.

Summary of selected BM therapy strategy targeting glial cells

Targeting Application Tumor type Objects Status Ref.
Astrocytes
STAT3 Silibinin Human and mouse BM cell lines, lung cancer Mice model, Human Patients Published in 2018 [81]
Silibinin NSCLC, BC Clinical trial Recruiting NCT05689619
WBRT + silibinin BM, LC Clinical trial Recruiting NCT05793489
Gap junction carboplatin + meclofenamate/tonabersat TNBC, NSCLC Mice model Published in 2016 [84]
T-M/siRNA BC Mice model Published in 2022 [201]
Meclofenamate Solid tumor Clinical trial Active, non-recruiting NCT02429570
Microglia/Macrophages
MRC1 + cells Mannosylated clodronate liposomes BC Mice model Published in 2017 [28]
PI3K BKM120 BC Mice model Published in 2018 [94]
TLR9 CpG-C* Lung cancer, melanoma Mice model Published in 2019 [205]
CSF1R PLX3397 BC Mice model Published in 2021 [202]
BLZ945 + AC4-130 (CSF2Rβ-STAT5 inhibitor) BC Mice model Published in 2021 [203]
Estrogen-STAT3 Tamoxifen BC Mice model Published in 2021 [204]
IL6-JAK2-STAT3 Fedratinib (JAK2 inhibitor), tocilizumab (anti-IL6R) NSCLC Mice model Published in 2022 [89]

BM, brain metastases; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; BC, breast cancer; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; LC, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; MRC1, mannose receptor 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TLR9, Toll-like receptor 9; CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; CSF2Rβ, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor beta; IL6, interleukin 6; JAK2, Janus kinase 2

*The agonist, the others are inhibitors