Table 1.

Ethnomedicinal uses of plants quoted by the two studied communities

Botanical name (Family) Voucher number	Recorded local name	Origin of the taxa	Ethnic Communities
			Ormurs (O)				Pathans (P)
Plants
			Part used	Preparation	Use	Use reports	Part used	Preparation	Use	Use reports
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae) SWAT004625	Ashupere Sunrye/De bibiaadeSunryeO	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Eaten with bread	Abnormal menstruation	4	–	–	–	–
					Join pain
Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004626	Syed butaiO, P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten with water	Skin rashes; infertility; diabetes	5	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten with water	Skin rashes	2
				Paste	Pus
Allium longifolium (Kunt) Spreng. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004627	KhukhO Yov-reeP	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Bulbs are consumed as a snack	Digestion; blood thinner; abdominal gas and pain	1	Bulbs	Bulbs are consumed as a salad	Weakness	1
Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004628	OzzhaO YazaP	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Obesity	14	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Obesity	12
				Seeds are made into tea	Abdominal pain			Seeds are made into tea	Abdominal gas
				Juice is made from the seeds	Heart problems			Juice is made from the seeds	Heart problems
Allium schoenoprasum L. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004629	GandanaO	Bought	Aerial parts	Eaten as a salad	Digestive problems	1	–	–	–	–
Allium spp. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004630	SareeshO ShabyeP	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Eaten as a snack	Digestive problems	2		Consumed as a salad	Digestion problems	2
Allium spp. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004631	PayazO	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Eaten as a snack	Sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Amaranthus blitum L. (Amaranthaceae) SWAT004632	SakaakO RanzakaP	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed raw, eaten with water	Stop urine during the night (in children); constipation; skin dryness	9	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Stop urine during the night (in children)	4
Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) SWAT004634	Kajo/BadyanO	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed	Improve eyesight; immune booster; improve sexual desire; brain tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) SWAT004638	PamanaiO, P PamonaiO	Bought	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed as a salad	Diabetes	10	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed as salad	Diabetes	6
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) SWAT004635	BangaraO	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are dried and consumed	Cough	1	–		–	–
				Leaves are kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Remove sputum; respiratory tract infections; high blood pressure; digestion problems; brain tonic				–
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. (Apocynaceae) SWAT004636	SpalmekaO SaplmeP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Milk like substance is extracted from the leaves, applied topically	Skin rashes; snake bites	1	Leaves	Leaves are made into a paste and applied topically	Joint pain	1
				Leaves are made into a paste and applied topically	Joint pain
				eaves are consumed with water	Diabetes
Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) SWAT004637	Sheen MorchO Sheen MarchP	Bought	Fruit	Consumed as vegetables	Fever	1	Fruit	Consumed as vegetables	Fever	1
Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) SWAT004639	ChumbarkhayanO TurlargaiP Ghras goonO	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Abdominal pain	6	Fruit	Fruit is kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Abdominal pain or gas	3
				Fruit is added to milk, and the milk is then consumed	Constipation			Fruit is added to milk, and the milk is then consumed	Constipation
Chenopodium boscianum Moq. (Amaranthaceae) SWAT004640	SaagO Jungli saagP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad or vegetables	Gastric problems; diabetes	3	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad or vegetables	Acidity; diabetes	2
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004641	MaraghunyeeO MaraghenyeeP	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are peeled and consumed with water	Abdominal pain; diabetes	5	Seeds	Seeds are peeled and consumed with water	Abdominal pain; diabetes	5
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004642	AndwanaO	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Chest infections; kidney problems; respiratory tract infections; COVID-19	1	–	–	–	–
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) SWAT004643	NeemboO, P	Bought	Fruit	Juice is extracted and drizzled on a salad; the extract is also used to make tea	Fever	5	Fruit	Juice is extracted and drizzled on a salad; the extract is also used to make tea	Fever; blood thinner	5
				Juice	Blood thinner; digestion problems			Juice	Digestion problems
Citrus × aurantium L. (Rutaceae) SWAT004644	MaltaO, P	Bought	Fruits	Fruit is eaten raw	Common cold	2	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Common cold	1
			Fruit fibre or cover	Fruit cover or fibre is dried and consumed with water	Diabetes		Fruit fibre or cover	Fruit cover or fibre is dried and consumed with water	Diabetes
Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) SWAT004645	KopraO,P GariO	Bought	Fruit	Water is obtained from the unripe fruit and consumed	Leucorrhoea	6	Fruit	Water is obtained from the unripe fruit and consumed	Leucorrhoea	4
Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004646	KadiO	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw or cooked as vegetables	Urinary tract infections	3	–	–	–	–
Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004647	DanyaO, P	Locally grown; cultivated	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into tea	Chest infections; COVID-19	1	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into tea	Chest infections	1
				Aerial parts are made into a sauce-like substance locally called chutney	COVID-19
Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004648	BadringO BadrangP	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Hepatitis; diuretic; digestive problems	5	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Hepatitis; diuretic; digestion problems	3
				Small circular pies are used as a scrub	Cosmetics			Small circular pies are used as a scrub	Face smoothness
Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) SWAT004649	GuleskhandO KorkamanP	Bought	Rhizome	Rhizome is made into a powder and used topically	Wounds	3	Rhizome	Rhizome is made into a powder and used topically	Wounds; skin rashes	3
				The powdered rhizome is mixed with milk and consumed	Believed to be a strong antibiotic			The powdered rhizome is mixed with hot milk and consumed	Believed to be a strong antibiotic
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. (Poaceae) SWAT004650	SakhosargariO, P	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are dried and consumed with water	Malaria; typhoid	3	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are dried and consumed with water	Malaria; typhoid	2
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) SWAT004651	InzirO TughaP	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Weakness	14	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Weakness	10
				Fruit is dried and consumed with milk	Piles; constipation			Fruit is dried and consumed with milk	Piles Constipation
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) SWAT004652	KalvoO, P	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables	Digestion problems	1	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables	Digestive problems	2
				Seeds are consumed with water	Cold fever
Ferula assa-foetida L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004653	EngO AangP	Bought	Resin	Applied topically on gums and teeth	Infected teeth	6	Resin	Applied topically on gums and teeth	Infected teeth	2
				Mixed with water and then taken orally	Pain; digestion problems; worm infestation
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) SWAT004655	MatakO, P MotakO	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Dried fruit is consumed with milk	Weakness; increases blood	3	Fruit	Dried fruit is consumed with milk	Weakness; increases blood	4
Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae) SWAT004654	GhargastiO	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten as a salad	Diabetes	1	–	–	–	–
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004659	GwanO WelanaiP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are powdered and consumed with water or made into tea	Abdominal pain; colic pain; loss of appetite; gastric problems	13	Leaves	Leaves are powdered and consumed with water or made into tea	Abdominal pain; colic	13
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) SWAT004661	TuthO TeethP	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruits are consumed raw	Respiratory tract infections; appetiser	2	Fruit	Fruits are consumed raw	Urinary tract infections; Digestion appetiser	3
Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae) SWAT004657	MeleezO ManraP	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Raw fruit is consumed	Tonic; heart diseases; increases blood	7	Fruit	Raw fruit is consumed	Iron deficiency; Anaemia	5
Malva neglecta Wallr. (Malvaceae) SWAT004658	Naghan KaiO, P Teekaly/TeeklaO De Eshaa Tala/TeekaleP	Locally grown; wild	Roots	Decoction is made from its roots	Digestive problems; improve sexual desire	4	Roots	Decoction is made from its roots	Digestion problems; improve sexual desire	5
			Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Diabetes		Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Diabetes
			Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw or as cooked vegetables	Urinary tract infections		Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw or as cooked vegetables	Urinary tract infections
Musa × paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) SWAT004662	KeelaO, P	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Loose motions; vomiting	1	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Loose motions; vomiting	2
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) SWAT001596	Ghras tuthO	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Respiratory tract infections	1	–	–	–	–
Nasturtium officinale R.Br (Brassicaceae) SWAT004663	TarmeraO DalameraP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad	Digestive problems	9	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad	Digestion problems	9
Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) SWAT001601	KalwanjiO, P	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables or eaten with water or milk	Chest infections; COVID-19; respiratory tract infections	1	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables or eaten with water or milk	Chest infections	1
Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Wall. &G.Don) Cif. (Oleaceae) SWAT004666	ShalwanaiO ShawanP	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Weakness; increases blood; constipation; diabetes; blood pressure	18	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Weakness; increases blood; constipation; diabetes; blood pressure	13
Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) SWAT004667	RezanO VarizeP	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are boiled in water; the water is then cooled and used to wash the head	Hair loss	1	Seeds	Seeds are boiled in water; the water is then cooled and used to wash the head	Hair loss	1
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) SWAT004668	TuftufakO TarweekaiP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as snacks	Digestive problems	1	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed raw	Digestion problems	2
Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004664	BobraiO, P BabariO	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestive problems	1	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestion problems; blood pressure	1
Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) SWAT004665		Locally grow; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with water	Digestive problems	1	Leaves	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestion problems; blood pressure	1
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) SWAT004670	MaitO, P	Locally grown; cultivated	Seeds	Seeds are consumed as vegetables	Anaemia	7	Seeds	Seeds are consumed as vegetables	Anaemia	5
Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae) SWAT004671	KhajoraO KhajeeraP	Bought	Fruit	Fresh or dried fruit is consumed, preferably with milk	General body tonic; sexual tonic; immuniser	5	Fruit	Fresh or dried fruit is consumed, preferably with milk	General body tonic; sexual tonic; immuniser	2
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don (Pinaceae) SWAT004672	ZanguzaiO, P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General weakness; energiser	11	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General weakness; energiser	8
Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) SWAT004673	NashtarO	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Resin is dried and used with water	Fractures	1	–	–	–	–
Piper nigrum L. (Pinaceae) SWAT004674	Gharas MruchO Toor MirchP	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water or consumed with vegetables	General body tonic; skin roughness; night blindness	17	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water or consumed with vegetables	General body tonic; skin roughness; night blindness	16
Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) SWAT004675	AspeghulO	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Constipation	1	–	–	–	–
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. (Asparagaceae) SWAT004676	MeeralamO, P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Dried leaves are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser; aphrodisiac	13		Dried leaves are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser; aphrodisiac	7
				Leaves are dried and powdered and then used topically	Skin diseases
Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb (Rosaceae) SWAT004677	BadamO	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed	Improve eyesight; immuniser; sexual tonic; enhance memory	1	–	–	–	–
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) SWAT004678	ShamtulaiO	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Diabetes	1	–	–	–	–
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) SWAT004679	AmrodO, P	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Constipation	7	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Constipation	5
Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) SWAT004680	NaskarafO NarsavaiP	Locally grown; wild	Fruit cover	Dried fruit cover is eaten with water or mixed with yoghurt and consumed	Abdominal pain	11	Fruit cover	Dried fruit cover is eaten with water or mixed with yoghurt and consumed	Abdominal pain	9
Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) SWAT004669	SpondaO SapelaniP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with a small amount of water	Joint pain	2	–	–	–	–
			Aerial parts	Leaves are consumed with a small amount of water	Abdominal gas
Quercus baloot Griff. (Fagaceae) SWAT001589	Sat/ChattO Cheere/SerrayP	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is roasted	Diabetes	10	Roots	Roots are made into a decoction and consumed twice a day	Diabetes	8
			Roots	Roots are made into a decoction	Gastric problems
Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae) SWAT001591	ZandoO ZundaP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are ground and applied topically	Wound healing	2	Leaves	Leaves are ground and applied topically	Wound healing	3
				Leaves are dried and consumed with water	Pain			Leaves are dried and consumed with water	Pain
Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) SWAT001603	BaghdavanO	Bought	Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw	Body pain	1	–	–	–	–
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin (Brassicaceae) SWAT001590	MoliaO MeeleP	Locally grown; cultivated	Roots	Roots are consumed as a salad	Hepatitis; abdominal gas; digestive problems	7	Roots	Roots are consumed as a salad	Hepatitis; abdominal gas; digestive problems	6
Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H.Hurter (Fabaceae) SWAT004623	PalwasaO	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Dried resin eaten with water	Nightfall; sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst. (Rhamnaceae) SWAT001602	MamoryeO	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water	Malarial fever	1	–	–	–	–
Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) SWAT001592	GhanaO, P	Bought	Aerial parts	Juice is extracted and consumed	Liver problems; refrigerant	8	Aerial parts	Juice is extracted and consumed	Liver problems; refrigerant	5
Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanaceae) SWAT001593	WarghustiO	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Digestive problems	1	–	–	–	–
Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004656	KasturaiO, P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with water	Abdominal gas; dysentery; Malaria; diabetes; typhoid; blood pressure; body pain	13	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water, made into decoction	Abdominal gas; dysentery; malaria; diabetes; typhoid; blood pressure; body pain	8
Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. (Tamaricaceae) SWAT001594	GhazO, P	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Dried and then put in oil, applied topically on the body	Burns; wounds	1	Aerial parts	Dried and then put in oil, applied topically on the body	Burns; wounds	1
Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund (Compositae) SWAT001595	Zer GulO	Locally grown; wild	Flowers; leaves	Both leaves and flowers are consumed with water	Infected wounds	1	–	–	–	–
Thymus linearis Benth. (Lamiaceae) SWAT001595	Mizbuk/izbukO MarveejeP	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds directly consumed with water	Abdominal pain; indigestion	15	Seeds	Seeds directly consumed with water	Abdominal pain and gas	17
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) SWAT001598	DhurO SezinkaiyP	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten in very low quantities with bread	Stop loose motions; indigestion	2	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten in very low quantities with bread	Stop loose motions; indigestion	2
				Decoction	Urinary tract infections; refrigerant			Decoction	Urinary tract infections; refrigerant
Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) SWAT001599	AngeerO, P	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General body tonic; indigestion; constipation	12	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General body tonic; indigestion; constipation	10
Visnaga daucoides Gaertn. (Apiaceae) SWAT004633	SpeerkeyO	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed raw	Ear infection	1	–	–	–	–
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (Fabaceae) SWAT004624	KikarO	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Dried resin eaten with water	Sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Solanaceae) SWAT001597	ShapyangoO ShapyangaP	Bought	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water and then everything is consumed	Refrigerant; abdominal gas	16	Leaves	Leaves are dried, powdered and consumed with water	Refrigerant	17
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) SWAT001600	AdrakO, P	Bought	Tubers	Tea is made or they are used with vegetables	Chest infections	4	Tubers	Tea is made or they are used in vegetables	Chest infections	3
Fungi
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (Morchellaceae) SWAT004660	GargichoO KargichoP	Wild	Fruit body	Aerial part are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser	2	Flowers	Flowers are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser	2