Table 12.2.

Categories of advanced wound therapies

Negative-pressure wound therapy

Standard electrically powered

Mechanically powered

Oxygen therapies

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Topical oxygen therapy

Oxygen-releasing sprays, dressings

Biophysical

Electrical stimulation, diathermy

Pulsed electromagnetic fields, pulsed radiofrequency energy

Low-frequency noncontact ultrasound

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy

Growth factors

Becaplermin: platelet-derived growth factor

Fibroblast growth factor

Epidermal growth factor

Autologous blood products

Platelet-rich plasma

Leukocyte, platelet, fibrin multilayered patches

Whole blood clot

Acellular matrix tissues

Xenograft dermis

Bovine dermis

Xenograft acellular matrices

Small intestine submucosa

Porcine urinary bladder matrix

Ovine forestomach

Equine pericardium

Fish skin graft

Bovine collagen

Bilayered dermal regeneration matrix

Human dermis products

Human pericardium

Placental tissues

Amniotic tissues/amniotic fluid

Umbilical cord

Bioengineered allogeneic cellular therapies

Bilayered skin equivalent (human keratinocytes and fibroblasts)

Dermal replacement therapy (human fibroblasts)

Stem cell therapies

Autogenous: bone marrow–derived stem cells

Allogeneic: amniotic matrix with mesenchymal stem cells

Miscellaneous active dressings

Hyaluronic acid, honey dressings, etc.

Sucrose octasulfate dressing

Adapted with permission from Frykberg and Banks (95).