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. 2023 Dec 4;14:1292137. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1292137

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

GDF15 exhibits anti-fibrotic effects in fibroblasts. The cells were treated with the SIRT1 activator CAY10591 (5 or 10 μM) for 24 h or pre-treated with the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 (2 or 5 μM) for 30 min before imperatorin administration (15 μg/mL) for 24 h. Culture supernatants of NIH/3T3 (A) and MRC-5 fibroblasts (B) were collected for measuring GDF15 secretion. NIH/3T3 cells were treated with mouse recombinant GDF15 (5, 10, and 20 ng/mL) for 24 h, and the protein expression of CTGF, α-SMA, and collagen was examined by Western blotting (D,E,F). Cell lysates were also subjected to TGase2 (G) and LOX activity (H) analyses. Representative images of protein expression are shown in (C). Graphs show the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The p-value was calculated using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison procedures (Holm–Sidak). * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001 compared to the control group. # p <0.05, ## p <0.01, ### p <0.01 compared to the imperatorin-treated group.