Table 1.
Active ingredients of Cornus officinalis for BMSC and OB.
| Sorts of compounds | Active constituents | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Quercetin | Enhances osteoblastogenesis while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation through Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, AMPK, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways | (87–91) |
| Restores impaired BMSC function and activity induced by TNF-α by inhibiting NF-κB activation and β-catenin degradation | (92) | ||
| Kaempferol | Reduces apoptosis induced by LPS, stimulates MSCs proliferation, and regulates non-coding RNAs, including miR-124-3p and miR-10a-3p, to control MSCs differentiation toward osteogenic lineages, promoting bone formation | (93, 94) | |
| Promotes OB autophagy while decreasing OB apoptosis, elevates the expression of osteogenic markers, including ALP, OSX, COL-1, OCN, and OPN, and facilitates osteoid mineralization and calcium deposition, resulting in an increase in calcium nodules | (95) | ||
| Iridoids | Sweroside | Enhances osteogenic differentiation by activating the mTOR1/PS6 signaling pathway, resulting in upregulation of OCN, Runx2, and Osx expression in osteoporotic mice BMSC and increased mineralized nodules formulation | (96, 97) |
| Contributes to considerably higher levels of BMP2, RUNX2, ALP, OPN, and bone sialoprotein-1 (BSPH1) in OVX mice, along with increased bone matrix production | (98) | ||
| Morroniside | Boosts BMSC proliferation in vitro, counteracts BMSC dysfunction and impaired osteogenic differentiation and bone loss induced by high glucose via downregulating the AGE-RAGE pathway | (99, 100) | |
| Interacts with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and adenosine A2AR to improve precursor cell viability (MC3T3) and promote proliferation | (101, 102) | ||
| Activates PI3K/AKt/mTOR pathway, leading to Beclin1-and Atg13-dependent autophagy, facilitating the transformation of MC3T3-E1 cells into mature OB | (103, 104) | ||
| Cornuside I | Increases ALP expression and calcium deposition, while stimulating MSCs proliferation through the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to enhance osteogenic differentiation | (105) | |
| Notoginsenoside R1 | Enhances migration and differentiation of human adipose-derived MSCs into OB, upregulating osteogenesis marker expression, such as ALP and OCN | (106) |