Table 3.
Active ingredients of Cornus officinalis targeting vasculature system.
| Sorts of compounds | Active constituents | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Quercetin | Increases blood calcium and phosphorus contents, regulates autophagy and apoptosis of bone cells, thus preventing OP | (44, 46) |
| Improves serum calcium, phosphorus, and other biochemical indexes, as well as the thickness, length, and density of the femur, and the tensile strength of the osteoporotic femur | (43) | ||
| Increases bone turnover markers (serum ALP, OCN and urinary calcium, phosphorus, creatinine), HIF-1α gene expression, and NF-κB levels, while decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and β-catenin expression | (42) | ||
| Elevates the levels of OCN expression and ALP activity in serum, as well as urinary deoxypyridine base in diabetic rats | (50) | ||
| Iridoids | Morroniside | Upregulates the expression of CD31 and VEGFA in mice with myocardial infarction | (120) |
| Upregulates the expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2 in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion | (121) | ||
| Phenolic acid | Gallic acid | Regulates estrogen and improves calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood | (45) |