Table 4.

The active ingredients of Cornus officinalis for other factors.

Sorts of compounds	Active constituents	Results	References
Flavonoids	Quercetin	Blocks the oxidative stress of chondrocytes, reduces apoptosis, NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and ECM degradation	(130)
	Kaempferol	Phosphorylates ER, activates downstream ALP, Runx-2, OSX, COL1, OCN, and osteonectin, thus inhibiting OC differentiation but inducing OC apoptosis, and preventing OB apoptosis	(131)
	Notoginsenoside R1	Suppresses oxidative stress of MC3T3-E1 cells by blocking JNK pathway, thereby restoring the ability of osteogenic differentiation	(132)
		Binds to estrogen receptor as a phytoestrogen, promoting the transcription of COL1, osteonectin, OCN, Runx2, and osterix, thereby facilitating osteogenic differentiation and mineralization	(133)