Extended Data Fig. 2. Distribution of genetic variants across the Y chromosome and repeat elements in PAR1, XDR1 and XTR1 subregions.

a. Distribution of variant sizes for SVs (≥ 50 bp, top), Indels (< 50 bp, middle), and SNVs (bottom) with the Y chromosome coloured by subregion. High peaks in heterochromatin are apparent for SVs, but are absent in SNVs and indels.

b. Repeat element distribution across 10 samples with contiguously assembled PAR1 regions and the T2T Y. Repeat elements on sense (+) and antisense (-) strand are shown, coloured according to repeat class. Extensive differences in size can be seen between samples, especially in the satellite arrays located close to the telomere (in dark red), and substantial differences in repeat element composition in PAR1 vs. the male-specific XDR1 and XTR1 regions. The locations of PAR1, XDR1 and XTR1 subregions in each individual are shown in black, red and black, respectively. Please note that the maroon colour of the “Unknown” elements close to the telomere is caused by significant clustering of those elements. DNA: DNA repeat elements, snRNA: small nuclear RNA, tRNA: transfer RNA, rRNA: ribosomal RNA, srpRNA: signal recognition particle RNA, scRNA: small conditional RNA, RC: rolling circle.