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Responses of co-cultured macrophages and MSCs in 3D-printed scaffolds over 14 days. (A) Cell seeding efficiency in the porous scaffolds. (B) IL-6 and (C) TGF-β1 secretion from co-cultured cells at different times. All data represent mean ± SD (n ≥ 3). Comparison between drug-releasing scaffolds and drug-free scaffolds at each time point was made using Student’s t test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
