Table 1.
Baseline demographic and medical characteristics of patients with T2DM in the NHANES 1999–2018 cohort.
| Characteristics | ALI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Quantile 1 34.65 [2.83,44.94] |
Quantile 2 54.29 (44.94,63.49] |
Quantile 3 73.13 (63.49,87.28] |
Quantile 4 111.78 (87.28,678.40] |
P | |
| Participants, n | 3888 | 972 | 972 | 972 | 972 | |
| ALI, mean | 69.97 (67.95,72.00) |
33.02 (32.33, 33.70) |
54.29 (53.84, 54.74) |
73.68 (73.04, 74.32) |
121.83 (116.69,126.97) |
< 0.0001 |
| Age, year | 60.03 (59.47,60.58) |
64.74 (63.75,65.72) |
61.03 (59.95,62.10) |
58.22 (57.30,59.14) |
55.97 (54.68,57.25) |
< 0.0001 |
| Gender, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Female | 1999(51.05) | 611(60.61) | 493(51.51) | 485(51.41) | 410(40.09) | |
| Male | 1889(48.95) | 361(39.39) | 479(48.49) | 487(48.59) | 562(59.91) | |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| White | 1414(64.05) | 455(72.71) | 386(67.36) | 318(61.29) | 255(54.36) | |
| Black | 931(13.52) | 143(7.20) | 193(11.32) | 215(12.12) | 380(24.11) | |
| Mexican American |
810(9.14) | 178(6.91) | 218(8.82) | 227(10.53) | 187(10.31) | |
| Other | 733(13.29) | 196(13.19) | 175(12.50) | 212(16.06) | 150(11.23) | |
| Education level | 0.35 | |||||
| Less than high school |
1341(23.05) | 327(22.76) | 348(21.83) | 326(21.77) | 340(26.10) | |
| High school or equivalent |
860(25.15) | 225(23.73) | 202(24.10) | 222(26.95) | 211(25.80) | |
| College or above | 1687(51.80) | 420(53.51) | 422(54.07) | 424(51.28) | 421(48.10) | |
| Family income- to-poverty ratio |
0.59 | |||||
| <1.3 | 1372(24.79) | 323(23.47) | 378(25.50) | 330(24.55) | 341(25.67) | |
| [1.3,3.5) | 1557(39.52) | 400(38.60) | 367(40.59) | 391(37.53) | 399(41.50) | |
| ≥3.5 | 959(35.69) | 249(37.93) | 227(33.91) | 251(37.92) | 232(32.83) | |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 33.06 (32.70,33.43) |
29.64 (29.06,30.21) |
32.21 (31.60,32.81) |
34.33 (33.59,35.08) |
36.21 (35.47,36.95) |
< 0.0001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.17 (4.15,4.18) |
4.12 (4.09,4.15) |
4.16 (4.13,4.19) |
4.17 (4.15,4.20) |
4.21 (4.18,4.24) |
< 0.001 |
| Neutrophil, K/uL | 4.72 (4.65,4.80) |
5.74 (5.58,5.90) |
4.99 (4.86,5.13) |
4.47 (4.37,4.58) |
3.63 (3.52,3.74) |
< 0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte, K/uL | 2.17 (2.13,2.22) |
1.52 (1.48,1.57) |
2.04 (1.99,2.08) |
2.33 (2.28,2.39) |
2.83 (2.70,2.96) |
< 0.0001 |
| NLR, mean | 2.47 (2.41,2.54) |
4.10 (3.95,4.25) |
2.47 (2.42,2.52) |
1.94 (1.91,1.98) |
1.34 (1.30,1.37) |
< 0.0001 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.18 (26.05,28.31) |
26.34 (22.86,29.81) |
26.64 (25.09,28.18) |
26.88 (25.62,28.14) |
28.97 (27.56,30.38) |
0.04 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.24 (7.16,7.32) |
7.17 (7.01,7.34) |
7.15 (7.03,7.27) |
7.42 (7.25,7.58) |
7.20 (7.06,7.35) |
0.06 |
| Cr, umol/L | 86.17 (84.19,88.15) |
101.57 (94.95,108.18) |
85.53 (82.67, 88.38) |
80.79 (78.16, 83.41) |
76.52 (74.79, 78.26) |
< 0.0001 |
| Smoke status, n (%) | 0.05 | |||||
| Never | 1926(47.98) | 421(43.25) | 463(46.86) | 516(47.74) | 526(54.46) | |
| Former | 1345(35.93) | 384(40.71) | 346(36.99) | 326(35.65) | 289(30.05) | |
| Now | 617(16.09) | 167(16.04) | 163(16.15) | 130(16.61) | 157(15.50) | |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 0.04 | |||||
| Never | 1781(39.80) | 459(39.59) | 452(40.20) | 442(39.93) | 428(39.45) | |
| Mild to moderate | 1647(48.17) | 426(51.84) | 402(47.95) | 419(48.20) | 400(44.48) | |
| Heavy | 85(7.4) | 18(10.40) | 24(9.78) | 23(8.63) | 20(9.43) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.49 | |||||
| No | 985(27.09) | 232(27.18) | 261(27.37) | 265(29.02) | 227(24.58) | |
| Yes | 2903(72.91) | 740(72.82) | 711(72.63) | 707(70.98) | 745(75.42) | |
| Duration of diabetes* | 0.003 | |||||
| <3 years | 656(18.64) | 138(19.31) | 160(20.63) | 163(20.64) | 195(27.35) | |
| 3-10 years | 1339(34.24) | 320(37.19) | 313(37.93) | 363(44.44) | 343(40.82) | |
| >10 years | 1387(32.49) | 413(43.50) | 373(41.43) | 322(34.92) | 279(31.83) | |
| Medication use | < 0.0001 | |||||
| No insulin or pills |
844(23.86) | 181(19.07) | 208(24.24) | 220(24.15) | 235(28.16) | |
| Only diabetes pills |
2145(54.26) | 522(52.50) | 542(54.03) | 525(53.93) | 556(56.73) | |
| Only insulin | 405(9.67) | 148(16.45) | 99(9.25) | 93(7.73) | 65(5.09) | |
| Both insulin and diabetes pills |
494(12.22) | 121(11.97) | 123(12.48) | 134(14.19) | 116(10.02) | |
ALI, advanced lung cancer inflammation index; BMI, body mass index; NLR, neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Cr, creatinine.
Values are weighted mean (IQR) for continuous variables or numbers (weighted %) for categorical variables. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous variables, and chi-squared test with Rao & Scott’s second-order correction was used for categorical variables.
*A total of 506 patients without duration of diabetes data.