Table 1.
Summary of the clinical and pathological features of primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma, including previously reported cases and our two cases
| References | Patients’ characteristics | Tumors | Diagnosis | Pathology | Treatment | Outcome | Follow-up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (name) | (year) | Age (year) | Sex | symptoms | Side | Size (cm) | Extension | Procedure | Positive staining | Months | ||
| Our case | 71 | F | Pain (abdominal) | R | 10 | IVC | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | SMA, desmin and vimentin | None | Dead | 8 | |
| Our case | 45 | F | Pain (back) and nausea | L | 7 | IVC and renal vein | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | SMA, desmin and vimentin | None | Dead | 1 | |
| Lin H. [19] | 2023 | 56 | M | ND | R | 7.4 | IVC and renal vein | Needle biopsy (liver) | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 6 |
| Wang YH. [20] | 2023 | 74 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 3.4 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy | Alive | ND |
| Oshidari B. [21] | 2022 | 32 | F | Pain (abdominal) | R | 10.6 | IVC | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and vimentin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 2 |
| Waack A. [22] | 2022 | 58 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 5.5 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin, and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 30 |
| Wang Y. [23] | 2020 | 29 | F | None | R | 3.4 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin, and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 12 |
| Jabarkhel F. [24] | 2020 | 58 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 6 | Metastasis (liver) | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin, and h-caldesmon | Chemotherapy | Alive | 13 |
| 66 | M | None | R | 7.5 | IVC and metastasis (thoracic wall, femur and muscle) | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | SMA, desmin, h-caldesmon and CD163 | Adrenalectomy and chemotherapy | Alive | 23 | ||
| 72 | M | Pain (abdominal) | L | 10 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy and radiation | Alive | 48 | ||
| Sakellariou M. [25] | 2020 | 62 | M | None | L | 10.3 | Metastasis (bone, liver and pulmonary) | Operative pathology | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy, chemotherapy and radiation | Alive | 31 |
| Doppalapudi SK. [12] | 2019 | 70 | M | Abdominal varices | R | 9 | IVC and metastasis (lung) | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy + thrombectomy | Dead | 14 |
| Nerli RB. [26] | 2019 | 27 | M | Pain (back) | L | 9 | None | Operative pathology | Desmin and h-caldesmon | Adrenalectomy | ND | ND |
| Mulani SR. [27] | 2018 | 50 | M | Pain (abdominal) | L | 8.1 | Metastasis (liver and lung) | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | Desmin, cytokeratin, MAK6, WT1 and S100 | Chemotherapy and radiation | ND | ND |
| Onishi T. [28] | 2016 | 34 | M | Pain (abdominal) | R | 5 | IVC | Operative pathology | SMA | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 10 |
| Zhou Y. [2] | 2015 | 49 | F | Pain (back) | L | 6 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and vimentin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 6 |
| Quildrian S. [29] | 2015 | 44 | F | Pain (abdominal) | R | 12 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin, h-caldesmon and HHF | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 36 |
| Nagaraj V. [1] | 2015 | 61 | M | Pain (flank) | L | 17 | None | Operative pathology | Desmin and vimentin | Adrenalectomy | ND | ND |
| Ozturk H. [9] | 2014 | 70 | F | Pain (flank) | R | 8 | IVC | Operative pathology | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy and chemotherapy | Alive | 6 |
| Lee S. [30] | 2014 | 28 | M | Pain (flank) | R | 15 | None | Operative pathology | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 8 |
| Gulpinar MT. [31] | 2014 | 48 | M | Lower urinary tract symptom | R | 11 | None | Operative pathology | SMA and vimentin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 8 |
| Bhalla A. [17] | 2014 | 45 | M | Pain (abdominal) | R | 11 | Metastasis (liver) | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | Desmin and actin | Chemotherapy | Alive | 9 |
| Wei J. [32] | 2014 | 57 | F | None | L | 8 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin and actin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 29 |
| Alam MM. [33] | 2014 | 35 | F | Pain (flank) | L | 8.5 | None | Operative pathology | ND | Adrenalectomy | ND | ND |
| Deshmukh SD. [34] | 2013 | 60 | F | Pain (flank) | L | 5 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and vimentin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 21 |
| Liu SV. [35] | 2012 | 79 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 6.3 | ND | Operative pathology | ND | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 12 |
| Shao IH. [8] | 2012 | 66 | M | Abdominal fullness and nausea | L | 10 | Renal vein | Operative pathology | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 18 |
| Kanthan R. [36] | 2012 | 28 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 16 | Kidney | Operative pathology | SMA and vimentin | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy | ND | ND |
| Karaosmanoglu A. [16] | 2010 | 63 | M | Pain (abdominal) | R | ND | IVC | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | Desmin, vimentin, actin and keratin | Chemotherapy | Dead | 3 |
| Hamada S. [37] | 2009 | 62 | F | Pain (flank) | Bil | 8 | None | Operative pathology | SMA | Adrenalectomy, chemotherapy and radiation | Dead | 16 |
| Van Laarhoreu HW. [15] | 2009 | 78 | M | Pain (abdominal) | L | ND | Metastasis (lung, pancreas, bone and brain) | Needle biopsy (adrenal gland) | SMA, vimentin and actin | Radiation | Dead | 11 days |
| Goto J | 2008 | 73 | F | Pain (flank) | R | 8 | IVC and kidney | Operative pathology | SMA and NSE | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy | Alive | 10 |
| Mencoboni M. [38] | 2008 | 75 | F | None | R | 8 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and actin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 12 |
| Mohanty SK. [39] | 2007 | 47 | F | Pain (abdominal) | L | 10 | None | Operative pathology | Desmin, calpinin and actin | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy and radiation | Alive | 9 |
| Wang TS. [7] | 2007 | 64 | F | None | R | 14 | IVC and right atrium | Operative pathology | SMA and desmin | Adrenalectomy + thrombectomy | Alive | 10 |
| Lee CW. [40] | 2006 | 49 | M | Pain (flank) | L | 3 | None | Operative pathology | Desmin | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 10 |
| Wong C. [6] | 2005 | 57 | M | Pain (groin) | L | ND | IVC and both iliac veins | Operative pathology | ND | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy + thrombectomy | Dead | 6 |
| Candanedo-Gonzalez FA. [41] | 2005 | 59 | F | Pain (flank) and weight loss | L | 16 | Metastasis (liver) | Operative pathology | Desmin, vimentin and actin | Adrenalectomy, chemotherapy and radiation | Alive | 36 |
| Kato T. [5] | 2004 | 59 | M | ND | L | 10 | IVC | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin and vimentin | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy + thrombectomy | Dead | 6 |
| Linos D. [42] | 2004 | 14 | F | None | Bil | 3.5 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, vimentin, actin and HHF | Adrenalectomy | ND | ND |
| Thamboo TP. [43] | 2003 | 68 | F | Pain (loin) and fever | R | 13 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, desmin, vimentin and actin | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy + hepatic lobectomy + cholecystectomy and chemotherapy | Alive | 12 |
| Lujan MG. [44] | 2003 | 63 | M | None | R | 25 | Metastasis (lung, liver and kidney) | Needle biopsy (lung) | ND | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy | Dead | shortly |
| Matsui Y. [4] | 2002 | 61 | F | Pain (flank) and fever | R | ND | IVC and right atrium | Operative pathology | SMA | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy + thrombectomy | Dead | 1 |
| Etten B. [14] | 2001 | 73 | F | Pain (abdominal) | R | 27 | IVC | Operative pathology | SMA | Exploratory laparotomy | Dead | 3 weeks |
| Boman F. [13] | 1997 | 29 | M | Autopsy | L | 0.8 | None | Autopsy | SMA and HHF | None | ND | ND |
| Zetler PJ. [45] | 1995 | 30 | M | Pain (abdominal) | L | 11 | ND | Operative pathology | SMA | Adrenalectomy | Alive | 20 |
| Hayashi J. [46] | 1995 | 55 | F | Pain (abdominal) and fever | R | ND | IVC, hepatic vein and right atrium | Operative pathology | ND | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy | Alive | 52 |
| Lack EE. [3] | 1991 | 49 | M | Pain (flank) | R | 11 | None | Operative pathology | SMA, vimentin and actin | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy, chemotherapy and radiation | Alive | 9 |
| Choi SH. [47] | 1981 | 50 | F | Pain (flank) | L | 16 | Kidney | Operative pathology | ND | Adrenalectomy + nephrectomy | Alive | 12 |
F Female, M Male, R Right, L Left, Bil Bilateral, ND Not disclosed, IVC Inferior vena cava, SMA Smooth muscle actin