Fig. 4.

Enhanced PPP increased the anti-oxidative stress capabilities of regorafenib-resistant cells. A, B The effects of G6PD overexpression on cell apoptosis rate of drug-sensitive HCC cells under H₂O₂ (100 μM), CoCl₂ (100 μM), and hypoxia, n = 3. C, D Cell apoptosis rate under H₂O₂ (100 μM), CoCl₂ (100 μM) and hypoxia were detected in drug-sensitive and regorafenib-resistant cells, n = 3. E G6PD enzymatic activity were recorded in drug-sensitive and regorafenib-resistant cells treated with or without 6AN (30 μM), n = 3 (Huh7 cell line). F NADPH level (left) and NADPH/NADP+ ratio (right) were detected in drug-sensitive and regorafenib-resistant cells treated with or without 6AN (30 μM), n = 3 (Huh7 cell line). G ROS-positive cells (left) and ratio to total cells (right) were analyzed in drug-sensitive and regorafenib-resistant cells treated with or without regorafenib, n=3(Huh7 cell line). H The number of ROS-positive cells (left) and the ratio to the total number of cells (right) were analyzed in regorafenib-resistant cells treated with or without 6AN (30 μM), n = 3 (Huh7 cell line). ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, mean ±SD