Table 2.
The relationship between intake of copper and health outcomes a
| Dietary copper intake | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | |||||
| < 1.85 mg/d | 1.85–2.45 mg/d | 2.45–3.19 mg/d | > 3.19 mg/d | ||
| Composite outcome | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95(0.88,1.02) | 0.98(0.90,1.05) | 0.98(0.91,1.06) | 0.8580 |
| Main model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02(0.94,1.12) | 1.10(1.00,1.22)b | 1.17(1.02,1.34)b | 0.0148b |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01(0.92,1.11) | 1.07(0.96,1.20) | 1.10(0.94,1.29) | 0.1756 |
| CVD incidence | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95(0.87,1.05) | 1.01(0.92,1.10) | 1.03(0.93,1.13) | 0.3675 |
| Main model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03(0.92,1.14) | 1.14(1.01,1.29)b | 1.25(1.06,1.47)b | 0.0038b |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00(0.90,1.12) | 1.10(0.96,1.25) | 1.15(0.95,1.39) | 0.1004 |
| Stroke incidence | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93(0.83,1.04) | 1.04(0.93,1.16) | 1.07(0.95,1.19) | 0.0937 |
| Main model | 1.00 (reference) | 1(0.88,1.13) | 1.20(1.04,1.38)b | 1.35(1.12,1.64)b | 0.0004b |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98(0.86,1.12) | 1.16(0.99,1.36) | 1.27(1.01,1.59)b | 0.0176b |
| HF incidence | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.80(0.54,1.18) | 0.99(0.68,1.43) | 1.15(0.80,1.67) | 0.2602 |
| Main model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87(0.57,1.33) | 1.05(0.65,1.68) | 1.16(0.61,2.19) | 0.5525 |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.00 (reference) | 0.92(0.59,1.43) | 1.21(0.72,2.04) | 1.48(0.71,3.11) | 0.2624 |
| MI incidence | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02(0.87,1.21) | 0.90(0.76,1.07) | 0.92(0.77,1.09) | 0.1712 |
| Main model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13(0.93,1.37) | 1.03(0.82,1.29) | 1.07(0.78,1.46) | 0.8730 |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.00 (reference) | 1.07(0.88,1.30) | 0.92(0.72,1.17) | 0.86(0.60,1.23) | 0.3125 |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.14 (1.03,1.27) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00(0.89,1.11) | 1.01(0.91,1.14) | ——c |
| Main model | 0.98(0.89,1.09) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13(1.02,1.24)b | 1.22(1.08, 1.39)b | ——c |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.03(0.91,1.17) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04(0.92,1.18) | 1.03(0.86,1.25) | ——c |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Minimal model | 1.34(1.13,1.63) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15(0.95,1.39) | 1.16(0.96,1.41) | ——c |
| Main model | 1.16(0.94,1.43) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.26(1.02,1.54)b | 1.30(0.99,1.70) | ——c |
| Main model + Nutrients | 1.15(0.92,1.43) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.27(1.02,1.57)b | 1.31(0.96,1.80) | ——c |
aMinimal model: Adjusted for age, sex, and study center (as random effect); Main model: Minimal model + demographic data (including location(urban/rural), education, occupation, and marriage), the lifestyle factors (including smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity), baseline health conditions (including BMI, history of diabetes, hypertension, and CVDs) and total energy intake; Main model + Nutrients: Main model + protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, zinc, iron, sodium, potassium, and magnesium;
bP < 0.05;
cP for trend test was not performed due to the nonlinear trend in the Restricted cubic spline plots;
dCVD Cardiovascular disease, HF Heart failure, MI Myocardial infarction, cholesterol