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. 2023 Dec 18;21:486. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02264-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Effects of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on inflammatory response and M1 polarization in vitro. (A, B) Western blot analysis was performed to detect the effects of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-ExoOD on inflammatory factors in chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. (C) The levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 in the chondrocyte culture supernatant after IL-1β induction were measured using ELISA kits to assess the impact of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on these inflammatory mediators. (D, E) Flow cytometry was used to investigate the influence of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on M1 polarization. (ns, no significant difference; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; n = 3)