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. 2023 Dec 18;21:486. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02264-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on autophagy of chondrocytes in vitro. (A, B) Western blot analysis was performed to detect the impact of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on autophagy-related indicators of chondrocytes. (C) Real-time PCR technology was used to evaluate the effects of MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo on autophagy-related indicators of chondrocytes at the gene expression level. (D, E) The expression of LC-3, a marker for autophagy, was quantitatively analyzed using immunofluorescence staining and ImageJ software to provide a detailed assessment of the autophagy levels in response to MSCs-Exo and F-MSCs-Exo treatment (scale bar = 10 μm). (ns, no significant difference; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; n = 3)