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. 2023 Dec 18;21:486. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02264-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Antagomir-146b-5p reverses the therapeutic effect of F-MSCs-Exo on osteoarthritis in rats. (A) Schematic diagram of the experiment evaluating whether miR-146b-5p is involved in the treatment of osteoarthritis in rats by F-MSCs-Exo. (B) Micro-CT 3D reconstruction of the rat knee joint was performed to visualize structural changes and alterations caused by Antagomir-146b-5p treatment. (C, D) Quantitative analysis of micro-CT results. (E, F) H-E staining and S-O staining of rat knee joint sections were conducted for histological examination, enabling the assessment of tissue morphology and cartilage integrity (scale bar = 500 μm). (G) The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score was used to evaluate the severity of osteoarthritis in rat cartilage, n = 6. (H to M) Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to visualize and quantify the expression levels of MMP-13, P62, and INOS in the rat knee joint after Antagomir-146b-5p treatment (scale bar = 100 μm). (ns, no significant difference; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; n = 3)